Pith Number

pith:K6CLU33Z

pith:2017:K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Instrumental variables as bias amplifiers with general outcome and confounding

James Robins, Peng Ding, Tyler VanderWeele

arxiv:1701.04177 v1 · 2017-01-16 · math.ST · stat.AP · stat.TH

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L}

Prints a linked badge after your title and injects PDF metadata. Compiles on arXiv. Learn more · Embed verified badge

Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-18T00:52:47.610391Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

5784ba6f79454be286da9c44e01336dad32b921f38cdf0d23807b643b6a44198

Aliases

arxiv: 1701.04177 · arxiv_version: 1701.04177v1 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.1701.04177 · pith_short_12: K6CLU33ZIVF6 · pith_short_16: K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2 · pith_short_8: K6CLU33Z

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 5784ba6f79454be286da9c44e01336dad32b921f38cdf0d23807b643b6a44198

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "1138c7d8ca6bf2013d509c315db0a10c480267a33509dc6e8efabb73a65627bd",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "stat.AP",
      "stat.TH"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "math.ST",
    "submitted_at": "2017-01-16T06:00:36Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "3b4197ec0e048c38d6b24a41c6bc57470b63ee0399812f4846b9d9e6cfa91e37"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "1701.04177",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 1
  }
}