Pith Number

pith:KGI2ZLF7

pith:2021:KGI2ZLF7ZMMXRYLBTOH6PQCWUT

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Deduplicating Training Data Makes Language Models Better

Andrew Nystrom, Chiyuan Zhang, Chris Callison-Burch, Daphne Ippolito, Douglas Eck, Katherine Lee, Nicholas Carlini

arxiv:2107.06499 v2 · 2021-07-14 · cs.CL · cs.LG

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state What is a Pith Number?

Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Cited by

25 papers in Pith

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SemDeDup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplication

Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-17T23:38:14.002097Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

5191acacbfcb1978e1619b8fe7c056a4ed7163c761dcabc736c69c01e6781c98

Aliases

arxiv: 2107.06499 · arxiv_version: 2107.06499v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2107.06499 · pith_short_12: KGI2ZLF7ZMMX · pith_short_16: KGI2ZLF7ZMMXRYLB · pith_short_8: KGI2ZLF7

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/KGI2ZLF7ZMMXRYLBTOH6PQCWUT \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 5191acacbfcb1978e1619b8fe7c056a4ed7163c761dcabc736c69c01e6781c98

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "7af11173ac89854276468641ec4e6cf0cad4ed17e8d224c3edae859a8bf1dec4",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.LG"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.CL",
    "submitted_at": "2021-07-14T06:06:52Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "2ee397c3ba5a6e5d7aadc17436cabb1d4899b7de2fe0ecb890cd0bf0ea793cda"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2107.06499",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}