Pith Number

pith:PN4RFFEF

pith:2026:PN4RFFEF4IJ7DK4CJPLQ4QAXQG

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

The ATOM Report: Measuring the Open Language Model Ecosystem

Florian Brand, Nathan Lambert

Chinese open language models overtook U.S. models in summer 2025 and have since widened the gap.

arxiv:2604.07190 v2 · 2026-04-08 · cs.CY · cs.AI · cs.LG

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\pithnumber{PN4RFFEF4IJ7DK4CJPLQ4QAXQG}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

We document a clear trend where Chinese models overtook their counterparts built in the U.S. in the summer of 2025 and subsequently widened the gap over their western counterparts.

C2weakest assumption

That the combination of Hugging Face downloads, model derivatives, inference market share, and performance metrics provides an accurate and unbiased picture of real-world adoption and influence in the open language model ecosystem.

C3one line summary

Chinese open language models overtook U.S. models in summer 2025 and widened the gap, based on Hugging Face downloads, model derivatives, inference share, and performance data.

Cited by

1 paper in Pith

DeGenTWeb: A First Look at LLM-dominant Websites

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-27T01:04:57.771810Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

7b79129485e213f1ab824bd70e40178192df35633b607409d4d4354d3b679b2e

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.07190 · arxiv_version: 2604.07190v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.07190 · pith_short_12: PN4RFFEF4IJ7 · pith_short_16: PN4RFFEF4IJ7DK4C · pith_short_8: PN4RFFEF

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/PN4RFFEF4IJ7DK4CJPLQ4QAXQG \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 7b79129485e213f1ab824bd70e40178192df35633b607409d4d4354d3b679b2e

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "791d061760ff03cfbddfac379ebc19f0af8d27e028e771c51dd9517e51990eb3",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.AI",
      "cs.LG"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.CY",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-08T15:15:50Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "cd5e1be56e5ad5c8b086b85269c591c5ce0ce2f561d33a8160c4a2b84ec163ab"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2604.07190",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}