Pith Number

pith:T45K4YVH

pith:2025:T45K4YVHH2UZIK735F7RMPUY36

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Systemizing Multiplicity: The Curious Case of Arbitrariness in Machine Learning

Afaf Taik, Golnoosh Farnadi, Prakhar Ganesh

arxiv:2501.14959 v2 · 2025-01-24 · cs.LG · cs.AI

Open paper page JSON Open Graph Bundle Merged state Verified badge What is a Pith Number?

Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{T45K4YVHH2UZIK735F7RMPUY36}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Cited by

2 papers in Pith

Rashomon Sets and Model Multiplicity in Federated Learning

An empirical evaluation of the risks of AI model updates using clinical data: stability, arbitrariness, and fairness

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-07-05T11:50:30.362199Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

9f3aae62a73ea9942bfbe97f163e98dfbfbfea45f980e36f16f5f666b020f1ac

Aliases

arxiv: 2501.14959 · arxiv_version: 2501.14959v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2501.14959 · pith_short_12: T45K4YVHH2UZ · pith_short_16: T45K4YVHH2UZIK73 · pith_short_8: T45K4YVH

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/T45K4YVHH2UZIK735F7RMPUY36 \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 9f3aae62a73ea9942bfbe97f163e98dfbfbfea45f980e36f16f5f666b020f1ac

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "02f3ab07cc4d84f6ae61273e430cb9704685e1a4a34e6bdba7da38ddea6c07a5",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "cs.AI"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.LG",
    "submitted_at": "2025-01-24T22:45:09Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "8d7bd8040e1a791259ed4603747262e933a20516d53ade809e98174db6c36afc"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2501.14959",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}