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Nature Physical Science , year = 1971, month = feb, volume =

2 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.

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Redshifted civilizations, galactic empires, and the Fermi paradox

gr-qc · 2025-10-01 · unverdicted · novelty 4.0

Civilizations can achieve galaxy-spanning reach within biological lifetimes via time-dilated orbits near black hole photon spheres using classical general relativity, with a Type II civilization enabling 10^4 dilation factors.

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