Presents a normalized signed area statistic with Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation and surrogate-based significance testing for detecting hysteresis loops in ordered 2D spectral parameter trajectories.
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An accelerating plasma blob crossing the BLR in 3C 279 reproduces the 2013 orphan gamma-ray flare's hard spectrum, rapid rise, slow decay, and lack of optical variability via varying external Compton scattering.
The January 2010 flare of Mrk421 shows spectral variability consistent with stochastic acceleration, including development of a Maxwellian pile-up component in the particle distribution on three nights.
Review assessing HSP BL Lacs as UHECR and neutrino sources, noting strains from baryonic loading, heavy-nuclei preference in Auger data, and isotropy mismatch with beamed sources.
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High-Synchrotron-Peaked BL Lacs as Multi-Messenger Sources: Connecting Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos
Review assessing HSP BL Lacs as UHECR and neutrino sources, noting strains from baryonic loading, heavy-nuclei preference in Auger data, and isotropy mismatch with beamed sources.