FlexiSLM is the first spoken language model supporting dynamic and controllable frame rates on speech input and output, outperforming fixed-rate 7B models at high quality and enabling faster inference at lower rates like 6.25 Hz.
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Mini-omni2: Towards open-source gpt-4o with vision, speech and duplex capabilities
21 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 3 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
21
Pith papers citing it
3
external citations · Pith
abstract
GPT-4o, an all-encompassing model, represents a milestone in the development of large multi-modal language models. It can understand visual, auditory, and textual modalities, directly output audio, and support flexible duplex interaction. Models from the open-source community often achieve some functionalities of GPT-4o, such as visual understanding and voice chat. Nevertheless, training a unified model that incorporates all modalities is challenging due to the complexities of multi-modal data, intricate model architectures, and training processes. In this paper, we introduce Mini-Omni2, a visual-audio assistant capable of providing real-time, end-to-end voice responses to visoin and audio queries. By integrating pretrained visual and auditory encoders, Mini-Omni2 maintains performance in individual modalities. We propose a three-stage training process to align modalities, allowing the language model to handle multi-modal inputs and outputs after training on a limited dataset. For interaction, we introduce a command-based interruption mechanism, enabling more flexible interaction with users. To the best of our knowledge, Mini-Omni2 is one of the closest reproductions of GPT-4o, which have similar form of functionality, and we hope it can offer valuable insights for subsequent research.
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representative citing papers
A survey proposing an L0-L3 architectural hierarchy, T×I×R interaction ontology, and IDLE/LISTEN/SPEAK/WAIT/DUAL decision state machine for full-duplex spoken dialogue systems, documenting a realization gap between architectural potential and observed behavior due to training data limits.
Introduces the first full-duplex audio-visual-to-audio-visual benchmark, showing current agents fail to use visual nonverbal cues in live conversation.
DuplexSLA introduces a three-channel full-duplex architecture that synchronizes continuous user audio, discrete assistant audio, and rate-limited textual actions inside a single backbone for native turn-taking and in-conversation tool use.
Channel fusion gives better semantic grounding and QA performance in full-duplex LLM dialogue but is vulnerable to context corruption during interruptions, while cross-attention routing is more robust at the cost of weaker integration.
VITA-QinYu is the first expressive end-to-end spoken language model supporting role-playing and singing alongside conversation, trained on 15.8K hours of data and outperforming prior models on expressiveness and conversational benchmarks.
TiCo enables spoken dialogue models to follow explicit time constraints in generated responses using Spoken Time Markers and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards, cutting duration error by 2.7x over its backbone.
VoiceBench is the first benchmark for multi-faceted evaluation of LLM voice assistants using real and synthetic spoken instructions with speaker, environmental, and content variations.
Lychee-FD resolves modality interference in full-duplex spoken language models by separating acoustic and semantic parameters in deep layers and adding a dense semantic alignment channel, achieving state-of-the-art performance on spoken QA and interaction benchmarks.
Audio-Interaction unifies offline and online audio tasks into one streaming model via the SoundFlow framework and a new 2.6M-item streaming corpus, enabling real-time instruction following and proactive responses.
OmniZip introduces an audio-guided dynamic token compression framework that achieves 3.42X inference speedup and 1.4X memory reduction for omnimodal LLMs without any training.
LLM Orchestration integrates modality experts via an LLM controller, cross-modal memory, and interaction layer to enable multimodal input-output without gradient-based training.
Step-Audio 2 integrates a latent audio encoder, reasoning-centric reinforcement learning, and discrete audio token generation into language modeling to deliver state-of-the-art performance on audio understanding and conversational benchmarks.
CogniRoute adds a cognitive schema and route-aware RL to an omni-modal MoE, reaching 59.38% accuracy on a new 118K-example social video QA benchmark and beating prior baselines by 15-27 points.
SEATS adaptively selects and removes non-text tokens before and inside the LLM layers of omni-modal models, yielding 9.3x FLOPs reduction and 4.8x prefill speedup at 10% token retention while keeping 96.3% performance.
OmniRefine introduces alignment-aware chunk refinement via similarity and dynamic programming followed by modality-cooperative token compression, achieving near-baseline accuracy at 44% token retention on WorldSense.
Phi-4-Mini achieves strong math and coding performance with only 3.8B parameters via high-quality synthetic data, while Phi-4-Multimodal uses Mixture-of-LoRAs to integrate modalities and top speech recognition leaderboards.
IRAF introduces an adaptive fusion module that uses a predicted scalar reliability gate to reduce the impact of interfering speakers on user audio representations in end-to-end full-duplex spoken dialogue systems, with reported gains on MS-MARCO and InstructS2S-200K.
VITA-1.5 integrates vision and speech into a single LLM through multi-stage training, delivering competitive benchmark results on image, video, and speech tasks with near real-time response speed.
A survey that provides a unified formulation of audio reasoning and reviews advances across Audio-to-Text, Audio-to-Speech, Audio-Visual, and Agentic paradigms while discussing challenges and future directions.
The paper provides the first comprehensive survey of multimodal chain-of-thought reasoning, including foundational concepts, a taxonomy of methodologies, application analyses, challenges, and future directions.
citing papers explorer
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FlexiSLM: A Dynamic and Controllable Frame Rate Spoken Language Model
FlexiSLM is the first spoken language model supporting dynamic and controllable frame rates on speech input and output, outperforming fixed-rate 7B models at high quality and enabling faster inference at lower rates like 6.25 Hz.
-
A Survey of Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Systems: Architectural Hierarchy, Interaction Ontology, and Decision State Machine
A survey proposing an L0-L3 architectural hierarchy, T×I×R interaction ontology, and IDLE/LISTEN/SPEAK/WAIT/DUAL decision state machine for full-duplex spoken dialogue systems, documenting a realization gap between architectural potential and observed behavior due to training data limits.
-
VideoFDB: Evaluating Full-Duplex Vision-Speech Capabilities in Conversational Agents
Introduces the first full-duplex audio-visual-to-audio-visual benchmark, showing current agents fail to use visual nonverbal cues in live conversation.
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DuplexSLA: A Full-Duplex Spoken Language Model with Synchronized Speech, Language, and Action
DuplexSLA introduces a three-channel full-duplex architecture that synchronizes continuous user audio, discrete assistant audio, and rate-limited textual actions inside a single backbone for native turn-taking and in-conversation tool use.
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How Should LLMs Listen While Speaking? A Study of User-Stream Routing in Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue
Channel fusion gives better semantic grounding and QA performance in full-duplex LLM dialogue but is vulnerable to context corruption during interruptions, while cross-attention routing is more robust at the cost of weaker integration.
-
VITA-QinYu: Expressive Spoken Language Model for Role-Playing and Singing
VITA-QinYu is the first expressive end-to-end spoken language model supporting role-playing and singing alongside conversation, trained on 15.8K hours of data and outperforming prior models on expressiveness and conversational benchmarks.
-
TiCo: Time-Controllable Spoken Dialogue Model
TiCo enables spoken dialogue models to follow explicit time constraints in generated responses using Spoken Time Markers and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards, cutting duration error by 2.7x over its backbone.
-
VoiceBench: Benchmarking LLM-Based Voice Assistants
VoiceBench is the first benchmark for multi-faceted evaluation of LLM voice assistants using real and synthetic spoken instructions with speaker, environmental, and content variations.
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Hierarchical Acoustic-Semantic Modeling: Modality Separation and Semantic Coherence for Full-Duplex SLMs
Lychee-FD resolves modality interference in full-duplex spoken language models by separating acoustic and semantic parameters in deep layers and adding a dense semantic alignment channel, achieving state-of-the-art performance on spoken QA and interaction benchmarks.
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Audio Interaction Model
Audio-Interaction unifies offline and online audio tasks into one streaming model via the SoundFlow framework and a new 2.6M-item streaming corpus, enabling real-time instruction following and proactive responses.
-
OmniZip: Audio-Guided Dynamic Token Compression for Fast Omnimodal Large Language Models
OmniZip introduces an audio-guided dynamic token compression framework that achieves 3.42X inference speedup and 1.4X memory reduction for omnimodal LLMs without any training.
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Training-Free Multimodal Large Language Model Orchestration
LLM Orchestration integrates modality experts via an LLM controller, cross-modal memory, and interaction layer to enable multimodal input-output without gradient-based training.
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Step-Audio 2 Technical Report
Step-Audio 2 integrates a latent audio encoder, reasoning-centric reinforcement learning, and discrete audio token generation into language modeling to deliver state-of-the-art performance on audio understanding and conversational benchmarks.
-
CogniRoute: Learning to Route Social Evidence in Omni-Modal Models
CogniRoute adds a cognitive schema and route-aware RL to an omni-modal MoE, reaching 59.38% accuracy on a new 118K-example social video QA benchmark and beating prior baselines by 15-27 points.
-
Stage-adaptive Token Selection for Efficient Omni-modal LLMs
SEATS adaptively selects and removes non-text tokens before and inside the LLM layers of omni-modal models, yielding 9.3x FLOPs reduction and 4.8x prefill speedup at 10% token retention while keeping 96.3% performance.
-
OmniRefine: Alignment-Aware Cooperative Compression for Efficient Omnimodal Large Language Models
OmniRefine introduces alignment-aware chunk refinement via similarity and dynamic programming followed by modality-cooperative token compression, achieving near-baseline accuracy at 44% token retention on WorldSense.
-
Phi-4-Mini Technical Report: Compact yet Powerful Multimodal Language Models via Mixture-of-LoRAs
Phi-4-Mini achieves strong math and coding performance with only 3.8B parameters via high-quality synthetic data, while Phi-4-Multimodal uses Mixture-of-LoRAs to integrate modalities and top speech recognition leaderboards.
-
IRAF: Interference-Resilient Adaptive Fusion for Noise-Robust End-to-End Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Systems
IRAF introduces an adaptive fusion module that uses a predicted scalar reliability gate to reduce the impact of interfering speakers on user audio representations in end-to-end full-duplex spoken dialogue systems, with reported gains on MS-MARCO and InstructS2S-200K.
-
VITA-1.5: Towards GPT-4o Level Real-Time Vision and Speech Interaction
VITA-1.5 integrates vision and speech into a single LLM through multi-stage training, delivering competitive benchmark results on image, video, and speech tasks with near real-time response speed.
-
A Survey of Audio Reasoning in Multimodal Foundation Models
A survey that provides a unified formulation of audio reasoning and reviews advances across Audio-to-Text, Audio-to-Speech, Audio-Visual, and Agentic paradigms while discussing challenges and future directions.
-
Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Survey
The paper provides the first comprehensive survey of multimodal chain-of-thought reasoning, including foundational concepts, a taxonomy of methodologies, application analyses, challenges, and future directions.