PBH dark matter spans all naturalness tiers, with some mechanisms as natural as WIMPs or freeze-in particles, determined by abundance map structure rather than candidate type.
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¨Ozsoy and G
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We review conceptual aspects of inflationary scenarios able to produce primordial black holes, by amplifying the size of curvature fluctuations to the level required for triggering black hole formation. We identify general mechanisms to do so, both for single and multiple field inflation. In single field inflation, the spectrum of curvature fluctuations is enhanced by pronounced gradients of background quantities controlling the cosmological dynamics, which can induce brief phases of non--slow-roll inflationary evolution. In multiple field inflation, the amplification occurs through appropriate couplings with additional sectors, characterized by tachyonic instabilities that enhance the size of their fluctuations. As representative examples, we consider axion inflation, and two-field models of inflation with rapid turns in field space. We develop our discussion in a pedagogical manner, by including some of the most relevant calculations, and by guiding the reader through the existing theoretical literature, emphasizing general themes common to several models.
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Dissipation of small-scale primordial perturbations after neutrino decoupling cools relic neutrinos and reduces their abundance, enabling PTOLEMY to constrain the primordial curvature power spectrum to O(0.1) on scales k ≲ 3×10^5 Mpc^{-1}.
Lattice simulations directly calculate SIGW spectra with non-Gaussianity to all orders and show that modest non-Gaussianity alters ultraviolet spectral behavior.
In pure axion inflation, detectable gravitational wave signals arise only in parameter regions with strong backreaction that violate the upper bound on ΔN_eff.
An open quantum system treatment of curvature perturbations during Ultra-Slow-Roll inflation shows that environmental decoherence erases the interference dip, modifies the growth slope, and induces oscillatory features in the scalar power spectrum and scalar-induced gravitational waves.
Bumblebee gravity enhances primordial black hole abundance through three mechanisms, but the model harbors a ghost instability and a tachyonic instability that make it cosmologically unviable.
SWIM solves Warm Inflation stochastic perturbations fully numerically, speeds MCMC with machine learning, and integrates with Cobaya to constrain any Warm Inflation model against CMB data.
One-loop integration of a heavy fermion with inflaton-dependent mass in axion inflation generates localized gauge-field production and a detectable chiral gravitational-wave signal in the deci-hertz range.
Multi-phase inflation with chiral vector interactions generates amplified primordial magnetic fields that induce a detectable circularly polarized gravitational-wave background.
Extends diagrammatic approach for scalar-induced gravitational waves to arbitrary-order local PNG, deriving semi-analytic spectra for energy density, anisotropies, bispectrum and trispectrum up to quartic terms.
Derives all-order Hamiltonians via EFT of inflation for USR models and shows L-loop corrections to CMB-scale perturbations scale as (ΔN P_e L)^L, exiting perturbative control at L=4 for typical ΔN≈2.5.
In USR inflation with an idealized instantaneous sharp transition to slow-roll, higher loop corrections to curvature perturbations on CMB scales grow rapidly with loop order L and may exit perturbative control.
Generalization of scalar-fermion Yukawa systems in constant-EOS cosmologies identifies scaling regime with constant energy density ratio from approximate scale invariance and asymptotic regime recovering bare mass.
Inflationary magnetic fields induce curvature perturbations that form ultralight PBHs, generating a stochastic GW background with model-specific features.
PBHs generated by axion inflation with gauge-field coupling can comprise all dark matter in the asteroidal mass range while producing a LISA-measurable stochastic GW background.
A transient parity-violating phase during inflation generates a robust blue-tilted (n_T ≃ 2) primordial gravitational wave spectrum at small scales with nearly maximal helicity coherence and linear polarization, offering a cosmological template for PTA data distinct from astrophysical sources.
Authors add induced gravity and a polynomial potential to an F(R) model, transform to a two-field chiral cosmology, and find parameter choices that match ACT inflation data while yielding PBH masses compatible with dark matter.
In mixed ULDM-PBH halos the continuum PBH contribution alters soliton structure at the tens-of-percent level while discrete shot noise induces mode transitions too slow to matter on galactic timescales.
citing papers explorer
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Dissipation of small-scale primordial perturbations after neutrino decoupling cools relic neutrinos and reduces their abundance, enabling PTOLEMY to constrain the primordial curvature power spectrum to O(0.1) on scales k ≲ 3×10^5 Mpc^{-1}.
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Scalar-induced gravitational waves with non-Gaussianity up to all orders
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When the Environment Speaks: Quantum Signatures in Non-Attractor Inflation
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Primordial black hole in Lorentz-violating theories: Insights from Bumblebee gravity
Bumblebee gravity enhances primordial black hole abundance through three mechanisms, but the model harbors a ghost instability and a tachyonic instability that make it cosmologically unviable.
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SWIM: Stochastic Warm Inflation Module to generate and analyse Warm Inflationary power spectrum
SWIM solves Warm Inflation stochastic perturbations fully numerically, speeds MCMC with machine learning, and integrates with Cobaya to constrain any Warm Inflation model against CMB data.
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Axion Inflation from Heavy-Fermion One-Loop Effects
One-loop integration of a heavy fermion with inflaton-dependent mass in axion inflation generates localized gauge-field production and a detectable chiral gravitational-wave signal in the deci-hertz range.
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Chiral gravitational waves from multi-phase magnetogenesis
Multi-phase inflation with chiral vector interactions generates amplified primordial magnetic fields that induce a detectable circularly polarized gravitational-wave background.
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Isotropy, anisotropies and non-Gaussianity in the scalar-induced gravitational-wave background: diagrammatic approach for primordial non-Gaussianity up to arbitrary order
Extends diagrammatic approach for scalar-induced gravitational waves to arbitrary-order local PNG, deriving semi-analytic spectra for energy density, anisotropies, bispectrum and trispectrum up to quartic terms.
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Hamiltonians to all Orders in Perturbation Theory and Higher Loop Corrections in Single Field Inflation with PBHs Formation
Derives all-order Hamiltonians via EFT of inflation for USR models and shows L-loop corrections to CMB-scale perturbations scale as (ΔN P_e L)^L, exiting perturbative control at L=4 for typical ΔN≈2.5.
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Non-Perturbative Hamiltonian and Higher Loop Corrections in USR Inflation
In USR inflation with an idealized instantaneous sharp transition to slow-roll, higher loop corrections to curvature perturbations on CMB scales grow rapidly with loop order L and may exit perturbative control.
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The cosmology of long range Yukawa interactions in general backgrounds
Generalization of scalar-fermion Yukawa systems in constant-EOS cosmologies identifies scaling regime with constant energy density ratio from approximate scale invariance and asymptotic regime recovering bare mass.
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The Magnetic Origin of Primordial Black Holes: Ultralight PBHs and Secondary GWs
Inflationary magnetic fields induce curvature perturbations that form ultralight PBHs, generating a stochastic GW background with model-specific features.
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Primordial black hole dark matter from axion inflation
PBHs generated by axion inflation with gauge-field coupling can comprise all dark matter in the asteroidal mass range while producing a LISA-measurable stochastic GW background.
-
Transient Parity Violation during Inflation: Implications for PTA Gravitational Waves
A transient parity-violating phase during inflation generates a robust blue-tilted (n_T ≃ 2) primordial gravitational wave spectrum at small scales with nearly maximal helicity coherence and linear polarization, offering a cosmological template for PTA data distinct from astrophysical sources.
-
Primordial black holes formation in inflationary $F(R)$ models with scalar fields
Authors add induced gravity and a polynomial potential to an F(R) model, transform to a two-field chiral cosmology, and find parameter choices that match ACT inflation data while yielding PBH masses compatible with dark matter.
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Ultralight dark matter mixed with primordial black holes
In mixed ULDM-PBH halos the continuum PBH contribution alters soliton structure at the tens-of-percent level while discrete shot noise induces mode transitions too slow to matter on galactic timescales.
- Primordial Black Holes: A Review of Formation and Evolution