Three distinct non-minimal curvature-EM couplings produce different enlargements or reductions of black hole shadows and alter photon ring separations in characteristic ways.
Shadows, Signals, and Stability in Einsteinian Cubic Gravity
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abstract
We conduct a preliminary investigation into the phenomenological implications of Einsteinian cubic gravity (ECG), a 4-dimensional theory of gravity cubic in curvature of interest for its unique formulation and properties. We find an analytic approximation for a spherically symmetric black hole solution to this theory using a continued fraction ansatz. This approximate solution is valid everywhere outside of the horizon and we use it to study the orbit of massive test bodies near a black hole, specifically computing the innermost stable circular orbit. We compute constraints on the ECG coupling parameter imposed by Shapiro time delay. We then compute the shadow of an ECG black hole and find it to be larger than its Einsteinian counterpart in general relativity for the same value of the mass. Applying our results to Sgr A*, we find that departures from general relativity are small but in principle distinguishable.
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2026 2roles
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Generalized Einsteinian cubic gravity admits a de Sitter solution from the P cubic term alone; stability analysis is incomplete until the R^2 term is added, which leaves the solution value unchanged.
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Photon rings and shadows of black holes with non-minimal couplings between curvature and electromagnetic field
Three distinct non-minimal curvature-EM couplings produce different enlargements or reductions of black hole shadows and alter photon ring separations in characteristic ways.