A Carroll-covariant energy-momentum-news complex at future null infinity yields Ward identities that generalise the Bondi loss equations, with an anomalous Carroll boost.
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A General Definition of "Conserved Quantities" in General Relativity and Other Theories of Gravity
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abstract
In general relativity, the notion of mass and other conserved quantities at spatial infinity can be defined in a natural way via the Hamiltonian framework: Each conserved quantity is associated with an asymptotic symmetry and the value of the conserved quantity is defined to be the value of the Hamiltonian which generates the canonical transformation on phase space corresponding to this symmetry. However, such an approach cannot be employed to define `conserved quantities' in a situation where symplectic current can be radiated away (such as occurs at null infinity in general relativity) because there does not, in general, exist a Hamiltonian which generates the given asymptotic symmetry. (This fact is closely related to the fact that the desired `conserved quantities' are not, in general, conserved!) In this paper we give a prescription for defining `conserved quantities' by proposing a modification of the equation that must be satisfied by a Hamiltonian. Our prescription is a very general one, and is applicable to a very general class of asymptotic conditions in arbitrary diffeomorphism covariant theories of gravity derivable from a Lagrangian, although we have not investigated existence and uniqueness issues in the most general contexts. In the case of general relativity with the standard asymptotic conditions at null infinity, our prescription agrees with the one proposed by Dray and Streubel from entirely different considerations.
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representative citing papers
An operator-algebraic quantization of the characteristic initial-value problem yields a candidate on-shell algebra for a gravitational subregion bounded by two null hypersurfaces.
Introduces asymptotically-FLRW3 spacetimes whose asymptotic symmetry group is the one-parameter family BMS3^k, fully characterizes the scalar-field solution space, identifies covariant mass/angular-momentum aspects and news via vacuum orbits, and exhibits exactly conserved non-linear Newman-Penrose
In AdS3 gravity with double-trace scalar boundary conditions, zero-frequency boson stars are the true ground state below the instability threshold, and hairy black holes carry higher entropy than BTZ at fixed mass and angular momentum.
Finite Carrollian black-hole thermodynamics arises as a double-scaled low-temperature large-N ensemble in AdS/CFT, with the boundary Brown-York stress tensor reproducing the contracted bulk Hamiltonian and first law.
Introduces a gauge transformation framework for BMS frames in multiscale black hole perturbation theory on Kerr that incorporates memory effects and avoids infrared divergences.
Authors define proper observables and Goldstone probes on the Ashtekar-Streubel phase space at null infinity, showing supertranslation charges act correctly on shear and deriving distributional Dirac brackets with non-local corrections.
A framework using scale separation in the Isaacson description defines observable gravitational memory rise for compact binary coalescences, providing a basis for hypothesis testing in LISA data.
Modular Witten diagrams reproduce the O(λ² G_N) correction to holographic entanglement entropy, matching the canonical energy term in the quantum Ryu-Takayanagi formula with wedge shape deformation.
Constructs a phase space for gravitational degrees of freedom on null ray segments with commuting localized observables via edge modes and dressing time, then introduces an effective classical theory with Virasoro deformations to capture diffeomorphism anomalies and distinguish gauge, physical, and
Derives heavy-light conformal blocks in 2d C/G CFTs and computes excited-state entanglement entropy via replica trick, finding thermal form that reproduces holographic EE and establishes dictionary between boundary weights and bulk mass/angular momentum.
A semi-classical symplectic two-form is defined as the sum of the gravitational symplectic form and the Berry curvature of the quantum matter state; it is shown to be independent of the Cauchy slice and to satisfy a quantum generalization of the Hollands-Iyer-Wald identity.
Establishes a holographic link between bulk gravitational radiation and dissipative corrections plus entropy production in boundary fluids, then constructs Carrollian analogues and celestial observables in the flat limit.
A 3d sourced conformal Carrollian field theory is proposed to holographically capture 4d flat gravity kinematics, with Ward identities matching 2d celestial CFT after relating operators.
Explicit quasi-local formulae for celestial higher-spin charges and multipoles are given on finite 2-surfaces using higher-valence twistor solutions, with a phase-space derivation from self-dual gravity.
Covariant phase space analysis shows tensionless open strings in constant Kalb-Ramond background have purely boundary-supported phase space with noncommutative endpoint coordinates, recovering Seiberg-Witten noncommutativity for tensile strings and unifying both cases.
Quasi-local dynamical horizons admit a first law for finite, far-from-equilibrium processes and a quantitative second law tying area growth to energy fluxes, so black-hole entropy is the area of marginally trapped surfaces.
Covariant phase space allows perturbative canonical quantization of theories whose velocity-dependent perturbations alter constraints and phase-space dimension, matching the exact low-energy spectrum and commutators of a solvable model.
In the diagonal (Cartan) sector of AdS3 gravity, the radial flow of the quasi-local stress tensor satisfies an exact T Tbar-like equation, while the boundary time evolution forms an integrable bi-Hamiltonian hierarchy.
Conserved charges built from a Kerr-Schild background show the first law requires the Killing vector and AdS background to be held fixed, explaining why the rotating-frame energy F fails while E works, and why the geometric volume appears in the β Smarr relation.
Establishes holography of information in the CGHS model via asymptotic algebras and argues that islands violate commutativity of left- and right-boundary algebras.
Hierarchical Bayesian inference on GWTC-5.0 constrains the memory enhancement factor to 0.26 with large uncertainties consistent with the GR value of 1 and forecasts that 2000 detections are needed for a 1σ constraint away from zero.
Derives semi-classical gravity from thermodynamics of stretched light cones in 2D dilaton gravity with explicit conformal anomaly backreaction and shows equations of motion follow from dynamical Wald entropy in Brans-Dicke theories.
Hyperboloidal slices and distinct early/late BMS transformations reconcile mass moment calculations in post-Minkowski scattering and support a conjectured all-order flux balance law.
citing papers explorer
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The Energy-Momentum-News Complex near Future Null Infinity
A Carroll-covariant energy-momentum-news complex at future null infinity yields Ward identities that generalise the Bondi loss equations, with an anomalous Carroll boost.
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Quantization of Gravity on Null Hypersurfaces
An operator-algebraic quantization of the characteristic initial-value problem yields a candidate on-shell algebra for a gravitational subregion bounded by two null hypersurfaces.
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Asymptotically-FLRW$_3$ spacetimes
Introduces asymptotically-FLRW3 spacetimes whose asymptotic symmetry group is the one-parameter family BMS3^k, fully characterizes the scalar-field solution space, identifies covariant mass/angular-momentum aspects and news via vacuum orbits, and exhibits exactly conserved non-linear Newman-Penrose
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When AdS$_3$ Grows Hair: Boson Stars, Black Holes, and Double-Trace Deformations
In AdS3 gravity with double-trace scalar boundary conditions, zero-frequency boson stars are the true ground state below the instability threshold, and hairy black holes carry higher entropy than BTZ at fixed mass and angular momentum.
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Large-$N$ Carrollian Thermodynamics from AdS Black-Hole Phase-Space Contractions
Finite Carrollian black-hole thermodynamics arises as a double-scaled low-temperature large-N ensemble in AdS/CFT, with the boundary Brown-York stress tensor reproducing the contracted bulk Hamiltonian and first law.
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The Bondi--Sachs gauge, BMS frames, and memory in black hole perturbation theory
Introduces a gauge transformation framework for BMS frames in multiscale black hole perturbation theory on Kerr that incorporates memory effects and avoids infrared divergences.
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An algebra of proper observables at null infinity: Dirac brackets, Memory and Goldstone probes
Authors define proper observables and Goldstone probes on the Ashtekar-Streubel phase space at null infinity, showing supertranslation charges act correctly on shear and deriving distributional Dirac brackets with non-local corrections.
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Toward claiming a detection of gravitational memory
A framework using scale separation in the Isaacson description defines observable gravitational memory rise for compact binary coalescences, providing a basis for hypothesis testing in LISA data.
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Modular Witten Diagrams and Quantum Extremality
Modular Witten diagrams reproduce the O(λ² G_N) correction to holographic entanglement entropy, matching the canonical energy term in the quantum Ryu-Takayanagi formula with wedge shape deformation.
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Localization and anomalous reference frames in gravity
Constructs a phase space for gravitational degrees of freedom on null ray segments with commuting localized observables via edge modes and dressing time, then introduces an effective classical theory with Virasoro deformations to capture diffeomorphism anomalies and distinguish gauge, physical, and
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Conformal Blocks in 2d Carrollian/Galilean CFTs and Excited State Entanglement Entropy
Derives heavy-light conformal blocks in 2d C/G CFTs and computes excited-state entanglement entropy via replica trick, finding thermal form that reproduces holographic EE and establishes dictionary between boundary weights and bulk mass/angular momentum.
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Covariant phase space and the semi-classical Einstein equation
A semi-classical symplectic two-form is defined as the sum of the gravitational symplectic form and the Berry curvature of the quantum matter state; it is shown to be independent of the Cauchy slice and to satisfy a quantum generalization of the Hollands-Iyer-Wald identity.
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Radiation in Fluid/Gravity and the Flat Limit
Establishes a holographic link between bulk gravitational radiation and dissipative corrections plus entropy production in boundary fluids, then constructs Carrollian analogues and celestial observables in the flat limit.
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Carrollian Perspective on Celestial Holography
A 3d sourced conformal Carrollian field theory is proposed to holographically capture 4d flat gravity kinematics, with Ward identities matching 2d celestial CFT after relating operators.
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Quasi-Local Celestial Charges and Multipoles
Explicit quasi-local formulae for celestial higher-spin charges and multipoles are given on finite 2-surfaces using higher-valence twistor solutions, with a phase-space derivation from self-dual gravity.
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Covariant phase space approach to noncommutativity in tensile and tensionless open strings
Covariant phase space analysis shows tensionless open strings in constant Kalb-Ramond background have purely boundary-supported phase space with noncommutative endpoint coordinates, recovering Seiberg-Witten noncommutativity for tensile strings and unifying both cases.
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Thermodynamics of dynamical black holes beyond perturbation theory
Quasi-local dynamical horizons admit a first law for finite, far-from-equilibrium processes and a quantitative second law tying area growth to energy fluxes, so black-hole entropy is the area of marginally trapped surfaces.
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Canonical quantization for effective theories with perturbations altering degrees of freedom: a covariant phase space approach
Covariant phase space allows perturbative canonical quantization of theories whose velocity-dependent perturbations alter constraints and phase-space dimension, matching the exact low-energy spectrum and commutators of a solvable model.
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On Integrable Structures on Non-compact Boundaries in Three-Dimensional Gravity
In the diagonal (Cartan) sector of AdS3 gravity, the radial flow of the quasi-local stress tensor satisfies an exact T Tbar-like equation, while the boundary time evolution forms an integrable bi-Hamiltonian hierarchy.
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The Role of the Volume in Black Hole Thermodynamics
Conserved charges built from a Kerr-Schild background show the first law requires the Killing vector and AdS background to be held fixed, explaining why the rotating-frame energy F fails while E works, and why the geometric volume appears in the β Smarr relation.
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Asymptotic Algebras and Holography of Information in CGHS Model
Establishes holography of information in the CGHS model via asymptotic algebras and argues that islands violate commutativity of left- and right-boundary algebras.
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Constraining Gravitational Wave Memory with Hierarchical Inference
Hierarchical Bayesian inference on GWTC-5.0 constrains the memory enhancement factor to 0.26 with large uncertainties consistent with the GR value of 1 and forecasts that 2000 detections are needed for a 1σ constraint away from zero.
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Semi-classical spacetime thermodynamics
Derives semi-classical gravity from thermodynamics of stretched light cones in 2D dilaton gravity with explicit conformal anomaly backreaction and shows equations of motion follow from dynamical Wald entropy in Brans-Dicke theories.
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Frames and Slicings for Angular Momentum in Post-Minkowski Scattering
Hyperboloidal slices and distinct early/late BMS transformations reconcile mass moment calculations in post-Minkowski scattering and support a conjectured all-order flux balance law.
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Noether charges and the first law of thermodynamics for multifractional Schwarzschild black hole in the q-derivative theory
Multi-fractional Schwarzschild black holes have profile-insensitive Noether mass and geometric area-law entropy, but require an extended first law with work terms for the q-profile parameters to restore integrability of the Clausius relation.
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The entropy of black hole under second-order deviation from equilibrium
The entropy of a dynamical black hole equals the area of its apparent horizon at second order in perturbations when the null energy condition holds.
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Lectures on the Bondi--Metzner--Sachs group and related topics in infrared physics
Lecture notes that build the BMS group from prerequisites to applications in soft theorems, memory effects, and new material on asymptotic conformal Killing horizons.