Lenient heavy-seed models in BRAHMA simulations produce black hole merger rates above 100 per year and near-unity occupation fractions down to low-mass galaxies, while strict models yield only about 1 merger per year and occupation fractions below 10 percent for galaxies under 10^8 solar masses.
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High-resolution simulations produce compact galaxies where gas inflows and dynamical processes accumulate enough mass in 10 Myr to form ~10^6 solar mass central black holes under 10% feedback efficiency.
citing papers explorer
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Supermassive Black Hole Assembly from Heavy Seeds with Dynamical Friction in the BRAHMA Simulations: Implications for JWST, LISA, and the Local Universe
Lenient heavy-seed models in BRAHMA simulations produce black hole merger rates above 100 per year and near-unity occupation fractions down to low-mass galaxies, while strict models yield only about 1 merger per year and occupation fractions below 10 percent for galaxies under 10^8 solar masses.
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Little Red Dot progenitors from Compact Starbursts: A Natural Path to Early AGN Formation
High-resolution simulations produce compact galaxies where gas inflows and dynamical processes accumulate enough mass in 10 Myr to form ~10^6 solar mass central black holes under 10% feedback efficiency.