Temperature-dependent axion mass fluctuations in early matter domination source order-unity axion overdensities by equality, yielding two distinct regions in the nonlinear spectrum and estimated minicluster masses.
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Allahverdi et al.,The First Three Seconds: a Review of Possible Expansion Histories of the Early Universe, Open J
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abstract
It is commonly assumed that the energy density of the Universe was dominated by radiation between reheating after inflation and the onset of matter domination 54,000 years later. While the abundance of light elements indicates that the Universe was radiation dominated during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), there is scant evidence that the Universe was radiation dominated prior to BBN. It is therefore possible that the cosmological history was more complicated, with deviations from the standard radiation domination during the earliest epochs. Indeed, several interesting proposals regarding various topics such as the generation of dark matter, matter-antimatter asymmetry, gravitational waves, primordial black holes, or microhalos during a nonstandard expansion phase have been recently made. In this paper, we review various possible causes and consequences of deviations from radiation domination in the early Universe - taking place either before or after BBN - and the constraints on them, as they have been discussed in the literature during the recent years.
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representative citing papers
Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
PBH dark matter spans all naturalness tiers, with some mechanisms as natural as WIMPs or freeze-in particles, determined by abundance map structure rather than candidate type.
Full numerical N-body treatment is required for reliable gravitational wave predictions from nonspherical collapse in early matter-dominated eras, with resulting spectra mappable to detector sensitivities via horizon mass and reheating temperature.
Supersymmetry with heavy particles above ~10^5 GeV enhances asteroid-mass PBH production via transient equation-of-state softening, allowing them to comprise all dark matter unlike in the Standard Model.
Spectral features of primordial gravitational-wave backgrounds can directly reconstruct the mass and decay rate of long-lived BSM particles via the frequencies imprinted by an early matter-dominated epoch.
Electroweak SU(2)_L doublet fermion dark matter with mass above 10^10 GeV (or 300 GeV if pseudo-Dirac) is produced by Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in above the reheat temperature and evades direct detection while never thermalizing.
Entropy dilution from early matter domination reduces the couplings needed for multipolar dark matter to match the observed relic density, reopening regions excluded under radiation domination.
Generalization of scalar-fermion Yukawa systems in constant-EOS cosmologies identifies scaling regime with constant energy density ratio from approximate scale invariance and asymptotic regime recovering bare mass.
The micrOMEGAs dark-matter package now solves Boltzmann equations with user-defined expansion and entropy histories, adds sub-GeV hadronic annihilation, and updates CMB, dwarf-galaxy, LZ, and CMS constraints.
Inflaton accretion during reheating drives non-linear PBH mass growth that extends lifetimes and amplifies emitted SGWB by multiple orders of magnitude.
Tensor perturbations from FOPT and domain-wall sources are claimed to induce second-order scalar perturbations large enough to form primordial black holes, potentially all of the dark matter.
Fermi LAT data on mini-spikes around stellar-mass black holes rules out substantial regions of Inert Doublet Model dark matter parameter space, especially at multi-TeV masses.
K-inflation with non-canonical kinetic term G(φ) shifts α-attractor T-models and natural inflation into the Planck-ACT-LB-BK18 allowed region while satisfying Swampland conjectures and producing testable GW spectra.
Lattice simulations show that the post-inflationary equation of state with trilinear interactions returns to zero after an initial deviation, substantially lowering stochastic gravitational wave amplitudes relative to prior estimates.
The thesis solves coupled Boltzmann equations for freeze-in production and cannibal interactions in scalar theories with Z2/Z3 symmetries, mediator-coupled dark matter, cannibal production during reheating, and a hidden U(1) sector that can undergo an inverse first-order phase transition.
Early matter domination with time-dependent decay rates produces multiple first-order phase transitions whose gravitational wave signatures encode the transition and reheating temperatures.
A 1D convolutional neural network reconstructs the dark-matter phase-space distribution from the matter power spectrum with greater accuracy and broader applicability than an earlier empirical formula.
Updated compilation shows PBHs are tightly constrained across 55 orders of magnitude in mass, ruling out dominant dark matter contributions except in narrow windows, with many limits carrying observational uncertainties.
Dipole dark matter produced by freeze-out or freeze-in, including entropy dilution from reheating, can be probed via neutron star heating due to momentum-dependent electromagnetic interactions.
A mini-review of axion phenomenology showing how light bosons can account for dark matter, drive cosmic acceleration, or contribute to relativistic backgrounds in the early and late Universe.
A review that unifies analytical expressions for scalar-induced gravitational waves and emphasizes calculations for non-radiation-dominated cosmologies.
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Electroweak SU(2)_L doublet fermion dark matter with mass above 10^10 GeV (or 300 GeV if pseudo-Dirac) is produced by Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in above the reheat temperature and evades direct detection while never thermalizing.
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Multipolar Dark Matter Freeze-out in an Early Matter-Dominated Universe
Entropy dilution from early matter domination reduces the couplings needed for multipolar dark matter to match the observed relic density, reopening regions excluded under radiation domination.
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The micrOMEGAs dark-matter package now solves Boltzmann equations with user-defined expansion and entropy histories, adds sub-GeV hadronic annihilation, and updates CMB, dwarf-galaxy, LZ, and CMS constraints.
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Inflaton Accretion onto Primordial Black Holes During Reheating
Inflaton accretion during reheating drives non-linear PBH mass growth that extends lifetimes and amplifies emitted SGWB by multiple orders of magnitude.
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Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls
Tensor perturbations from FOPT and domain-wall sources are claimed to induce second-order scalar perturbations large enough to form primordial black holes, potentially all of the dark matter.
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Probing the Inert Doublet Dark Matter with Stellar-Mass Black Hole Mini-Spikes
Fermi LAT data on mini-spikes around stellar-mass black holes rules out substantial regions of Inert Doublet Model dark matter parameter space, especially at multi-TeV masses.
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Reviving Motivated Inflationary Potentials with $K$-inflation in the light of ACT
K-inflation with non-canonical kinetic term G(φ) shifts α-attractor T-models and natural inflation into the Planck-ACT-LB-BK18 allowed region while satisfying Swampland conjectures and producing testable GW spectra.
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Equation of state during (p)reheating with trilinear interactions
Lattice simulations show that the post-inflationary equation of state with trilinear interactions returns to zero after an initial deviation, substantially lowering stochastic gravitational wave amplitudes relative to prior estimates.
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Dynamics of Self-Interacting Dark Sectors
The thesis solves coupled Boltzmann equations for freeze-in production and cannibal interactions in scalar theories with Z2/Z3 symmetries, mediator-coupled dark matter, cannibal production during reheating, and a hidden U(1) sector that can undergo an inverse first-order phase transition.
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Gravitational Waves from Multiple First-Order Phase Transitions in a Scenario with Early Matter Domination
Early matter domination with time-dependent decay rates produces multiple first-order phase transitions whose gravitational wave signatures encode the transition and reheating temperatures.
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Machine Learning Does It and Does It Better: Unearthing Primordial Dark-Matter Velocities from the Matter Power Spectrum
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Constraints on Primordial Black Holes
Updated compilation shows PBHs are tightly constrained across 55 orders of magnitude in mass, ruling out dominant dark matter contributions except in narrow windows, with many limits carrying observational uncertainties.
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Neutron stars as thermometers for reheating induced dipole dark matter
Dipole dark matter produced by freeze-out or freeze-in, including entropy dilution from reheating, can be probed via neutron star heating due to momentum-dependent electromagnetic interactions.
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Axions as Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Dark Radiation
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Scalar induced gravitational waves review
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