New VLA multi-line NH3 observations of IRAS 16293-2422 reveal hot gas at 200-300 K near the protostars, attributed to shock and accretion heating.
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Water binding energy on silicate grains is twice that on ice, enabling local retention and inheritance for terrestrial planets without outer Solar System delivery.
The CH₃OH/CH₃CN ratio in the S68N outflow is constant at ~100-200 and matches gas-phase astrochemical models only when cosmic-ray ionization rates are raised to ~10^{-14} s^{-1}.
Ionization rates in the envelopes of NGC-1333 IRAS4A, L1448-C, and L1157 reach 1e-16 to 1e-13 s^{-1}, far above the ISM baseline of 6e-17 s^{-1}.
The paper proposes the iSEEDs project to integrate machine learning with astrochemistry for extracting physical conditions and molecular abundances from protostellar disk datasets.
SKAO, especially SKA-Mid Band 5, is expected to overcome dust opacity and frequency limits to detect complex prebiotic molecules in high-mass and solar-type protostellar regions.
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Probing outflow physics through CH$_3$CN and CH$_3$OH chemistry
The CH₃OH/CH₃CN ratio in the S68N outflow is constant at ~100-200 and matches gas-phase astrochemical models only when cosmic-ray ionization rates are raised to ~10^{-14} s^{-1}.