For large but finite source counts, the PDF of rescaled GWB characteristic strain squared follows the universal form N^{1/3} times the reflected map-Airy distribution evaluated at N^{1/3}(y-1), fully determined by the mean strain and a new cubic shot-noise scale.
Sato-Polito and M
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With a physically motivated z_min cutoff, higher-order moments of the SGWB from SMBH binaries depend on the mass function solely via <M^{10/3}>, giving a variance-to-mean ratio for <M^{10/3}>/<M^{5/3}> and a kurtosis-skewness consistency relation independent of redshift evolution.
The gravitational wave background from supermassive black hole binaries has a universal heavy-tailed amplitude distribution with power-law index -4, causing divergent higher moments and dominance of the strongest signals by few loud sources.
citing papers explorer
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A practical theorem on gravitational-wave background statistics
For large but finite source counts, the PDF of rescaled GWB characteristic strain squared follows the universal form N^{1/3} times the reflected map-Airy distribution evaluated at N^{1/3}(y-1), fully determined by the mean strain and a new cubic shot-noise scale.
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Higher-order statistics of the stochastic gravitational wave background from supermassive black hole binaries
With a physically motivated z_min cutoff, higher-order moments of the SGWB from SMBH binaries depend on the mass function solely via <M^{10/3}>, giving a variance-to-mean ratio for <M^{10/3}>/<M^{5/3}> and a kurtosis-skewness consistency relation independent of redshift evolution.
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The Heavy Tailed Non-Gaussianity of the Supermassive Black Hole Gravitational Wave Background
The gravitational wave background from supermassive black hole binaries has a universal heavy-tailed amplitude distribution with power-law index -4, causing divergent higher moments and dominance of the strongest signals by few loud sources.