A no-go theorem shows that negative effective mass squared for the vector field in vector-tensor gravity always accompanies ghost or gradient instabilities, blocking spontaneous vectorization in stationary axisymmetric black holes.
Ghost of vector fields in compact stars,
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Field equation analysis near infinity in massive Hellings-Nordtvedt theory restricts the model to two single-coupling sectors; the A²R sector yields asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black holes with radial vector fields and neutron stars with measurable deviations from GR while satisfying weak-fiel
A non-minimally coupled vector field reproduces Einstein cluster dynamics that account for flat galactic rotation curves.
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Dark matter and modified gravity: Einstein clusters from a non-minimally coupled vector field
A non-minimally coupled vector field reproduces Einstein cluster dynamics that account for flat galactic rotation curves.