Large language models display the identifiable victim effect at roughly twice the human baseline, strongly amplified by instruction tuning and chain-of-thought prompting but inverted by reasoning-specialized models.
Political Alignment in Large Language Models: A Multidimensional Audit of Psychome- tric Identity and Behavioral Bias, March 2026
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The primary axis of psychometric variation among LLMs is the degree to which they represent themselves as loci of phenomenal experience rather than systems of behavioral responses.
LLM political alignment is instrument-dependent: models that look left-of-center on Smartvote questionnaires align with centrist parties on Swiss referendum votes, with large language- and refusal-driven variation.
LLM political ideology behaves as a context-conditioned distribution with large local shifts but a narrow global Overton envelope, not a fixed point.
citing papers explorer
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Narrative over Numbers: The Identifiable Victim Effect and its Amplification Under Alignment and Reasoning in Large Language Models
Large language models display the identifiable victim effect at roughly twice the human baseline, strongly amplified by instruction tuning and chain-of-thought prompting but inverted by reasoning-specialized models.
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The Pinocchio Dimension: Phenomenality of Experience as the Primary Axis of LLM Psychometric Differences
The primary axis of psychometric variation among LLMs is the degree to which they represent themselves as loci of phenomenal experience rather than systems of behavioral responses.
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Progressive in Principle, Centrist in Practice: LLM Political Bias Is Instrument-Dependent
LLM political alignment is instrument-dependent: models that look left-of-center on Smartvote questionnaires align with centrist parties on Swiss referendum votes, with large language- and refusal-driven variation.
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LLM-Ideoplasticity: Measuring Ideological Plasticity in the Political Behavior of LLMs as a Context-Conditioned Distribution
LLM political ideology behaves as a context-conditioned distribution with large local shifts but a narrow global Overton envelope, not a fixed point.