First multipoint L1 observations reveal spatially varying MHD turbulence with strong anisotropies, shock-modified sheath regions, and compressible signatures in the October 2024 ICME.
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2: Strong alfvenic turbulence
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EHT data show a 51.8 microarcsecond ring around Sgr A* consistent with the shadow of a 4 million solar mass Kerr black hole viewed at moderate inclination.
In magnetically dominated relativistic collisionless plasmas, Alfvén and slow modes follow anisotropic Goldreich-Sridhar scaling, fast modes are isotropic with larger kinetic energy fraction, and dynamic alignment weakens near kinetic scales due to thermal fluctuations.
MMS data from a 2023 CME show elevated electron temperatures with superthermal tails, depleted mid-energy electrons, and weak MHD-like turbulence with reduced intermittency in the rare sub-Alfvénic solar wind at 1 AU.
Turbulent electron-ion coronae around accreting black holes self-regulate into a two-temperature state that generates nonthermal ions and X-ray spectra consistent with observations including an MeV tail.
Relativistic transport model for beta-particles in homologously expanding kilonova ejecta, incorporating per-species atomic data, shows non-local deposition and escape lower thermalization efficiency with analytic prescriptions supplied for light-curve codes.
Imbalanced turbulence throttles its cascade via the helicity barrier, yielding flat spectra (η<2) that invert minor-ion heating to Q_i ∝ Q_p A_i (A_i/Z_i)^{η-2}, with simulations across β_p0 confirming the (A_i/Z_i)^a trend and strong perpendicular heating at low β.
IRIS observations of polar spicules reveal multiscale Alfvénic velocity fluctuations with a k_perp^{-1.43} spectrum, intermittency, and spatial coherence consistent with developing turbulence.
Numerical simulations indicate that particle scattering in anisotropic turbulence without a guide field is independent of correlation length and follows a mechanism distinct from pitch-angle diffusion.
Observed CR pitch-angle diffusion matches quasi-slab fast-mode turbulence predictions shaped by damping, but not Alfvénic turbulence, evidencing fast-mode dominance and constraining LISM to low beta ≈0.1 with δB/B0 ≈0.5.
Three-dimensional three-temperature simulations of colliding supersonic plasma flows from irradiated CH mesh targets produce a persistent shocked turbulent mixing layer that evolves toward an isothermal state with anisotropic Reynolds stress and effective Reynolds number around 200.
Observational study of MBM12 shows CO-to-H2 conversion factor near galactic average with density-dependent variations, high virial parameters decreasing at small scales, broken power-law mass-size relations indicating external pressure, and magnetic field orientation transition at N(H2) = 4.5e21 cm-
Simulations demonstrate non-monotonic guide-field regulation of reconnection efficiency via balance between drift-kink suppression and tearing-mode hindrance in 3D relativistic current sheets.
Curvature acceleration in strong Alfvénic turbulence saturates due to diminishing energy exchange efficiency, producing particle distributions f(p) ∝ p^{-3} (non-relativistic) and f(γ) ∝ γ^{-3} (ultrarelativistic).
A multi-ion solar wind simulation with reflection-driven turbulence reproduces observed preferential heating of oxygen ions when compared to UVCS and SWICS data.
Observational modeling of GWA and LAB survey spectra yields 19.8% CNM, 32.5% UNM and 47.8% WNM, in agreement with the TIGRESS-NCR simulation under fixed spin-temperature boundaries.
A review summarizing pitfalls in older CR-MHD models and progress toward more rigorous treatments that connect microphysical CR scales to galactic dynamics.
This review summarizes the basic principles of electron transport in inhomogeneous and tangled magnetic fields through gyro-centre trajectories, kinetic instabilities, trapping, and diffusion processes.
Review summarizing observational data on the Milky Way's magnetic field structure, including spiral alignment, halo components, turbulence, and correlations with interstellar gas and dust.
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