Non-quantized gravity models that preserve Galilean invariance and reproduce Newtonian interaction on average require a minimal noise injection to remain non-entangling.
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Gravitationally-induced entanglement between two massive particles is sufficient evidence of quantum effects in gravity
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abstract
All existing quantum gravity proposals share the same deep problem. Their predictions are extremely hard to test in practice. Quantum effects in the gravitational field are exceptionally small, unlike those in the electromagnetic field. The fundamental reason is that the gravitational coupling constant is about 43 orders of magnitude smaller than the fine structure constant, which governs light-matter interactions. For example, the detection of gravitons -- the hypothetical quanta of energy of the gravitational field predicted by certain quantum-gravity proposals -- is deemed to be practically impossible. In this letter we adopt a radically different, quantum-information-theoretic approach which circumvents the problem that quantum gravity is hard to test. We propose an experiment to witness quantum-like features in the gravitational field, by probing it with two masses each in a superposition of two locations. First, we prove the fact that any system (e.g. a field) capable of mediating entanglement between two quantum systems must itself be quantum. This argument is general and does not rely on any specific dynamics. Then, we propose an experiment to detect the entanglement generated between two masses via gravitational interaction. By our argument, the degree of entanglement between the masses is an indirect witness of the quantisation of the field mediating the interaction. Remarkably, this experiment does not require any quantum control over gravity itself. It is also closer to realisation than other proposals, such as detecting gravitons or detecting quantum gravitational vacuum fluctuations.
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QGEM signals show stable hierarchy ADD > gapped continuum > RSII at submillimeter distances, with normalized phase profiles discriminating RSII from the other two models.
Quantum matter sources an operator-valued Shapiro delay that promotes causal boundaries to noncommuting observables and allows superpositions of causal relations between spacetime points.
Gravity-induced entanglement in pulsed optomechanics has an input-state-independent threshold g_G > 2 γ_m N_th set by gravitational coupling versus thermal decoherence, with amplification via nonclassical states.
The noise spectrum an interferometer would see from quantum spacetime jitter is computed for vacuum, thermal, squeezed, and scalar-backreaction states; all are Planck-suppressed.
A PPT witness criterion is proposed to detect graviton-mediated entanglement between photons and matter qubits, attaining a maximal negativity of -0.052 for non-maximally entangled states when the photon coherent-state overlap satisfies 0.71 ≤ |γ| < 1.
Decoherence with a hidden environment in fully quantum systems produces effective non-Markovian classical-quantum dynamics, valid when the semi-Wigner operator remains positive semidefinite, reducing to Markovian CQ models in the short-memory limit.
Virtual graviton exchange between a photon and a high-spinning quantum rotor generates entanglement between photon degrees of freedom and rotor position, with prograde-retrograde motion yielding observable differences in linear entanglement entropy.
Gravitational decoherence of macroscopic objects in Newtonian gravity accumulates logarithmically over distances but remains subdominant to collisional decoherence.
Correlated sensing with thermal-state resonant detectors enables statistical tests via symmetric correlators to reveal quantum noise characteristics of gravitons in two- and three-detector tabletop configurations.
Entanglement through Newtonian potentials does not imply gravitons unless retardation effects are detected.
Field leakage into ER=EPR wormholes modifies hydrogen hyperfine splitting and may induce net charge, yielding constraints from existing precision data.
Postquantum classical gravity requires stochastic spacetime fluctuations consisting of a diffusing spin-2 field and spin-0 scalar whose noise is constrained by LISA Pathfinder and decoherence bounds.
Quantum spacetime with a non-commutative dual explains the fixed Born rule of quantum theory and leads to gravitized quantum mechanics featuring dynamical probabilities and higher-order interference.
Extends prior two-photon formalism to compute true motion and optimal cooling in multi-DOF GW detector test masses, finding sub-unity occupation numbers possible over the oscillator bandwidth for common definitions.
Hydrogen atoms absorb gravitons at rates proportional to their number and graviton luminosity; the ratio of resulting photon luminosities can reveal graviton radiation due to helicity (1 vs 2).
The paper organizes important open questions in quantum gravity and quantum information into four themes without presenting new results or derivations.
citing papers explorer
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Minimal noise in non-quantized gravity
Non-quantized gravity models that preserve Galilean invariance and reproduce Newtonian interaction on average require a minimal noise injection to remain non-entangling.
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Entanglement probes of gravitational Kaluza-Klein spectra: signal hierarchy and model discrimination
QGEM signals show stable hierarchy ADD > gapped continuum > RSII at submillimeter distances, with normalized phase profiles discriminating RSII from the other two models.
-
Quantum Matter Makes Lightcones Quantum
Quantum matter sources an operator-valued Shapiro delay that promotes causal boundaries to noncommuting observables and allows superpositions of causal relations between spacetime points.
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Amplification and generation bounds of gravity-induced entanglement in pulsed optomechanical systems
Gravity-induced entanglement in pulsed optomechanics has an input-state-independent threshold g_G > 2 γ_m N_th set by gravitational coupling versus thermal decoherence, with amplification via nonclassical states.
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Geometric noise spectrum in interferometers
The noise spectrum an interferometer would see from quantum spacetime jitter is computed for vacuum, thermal, squeezed, and scalar-backreaction states; all are Planck-suppressed.
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Witnessing entanglement between photon and matter due to graviton exchange
A PPT witness criterion is proposed to detect graviton-mediated entanglement between photons and matter qubits, attaining a maximal negativity of -0.052 for non-maximally entangled states when the photon coherent-state overlap satisfies 0.71 ≤ |γ| < 1.
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Emergence of Non-Markovian Classical-Quantum Dynamics from Decoherence
Decoherence with a hidden environment in fully quantum systems produces effective non-Markovian classical-quantum dynamics, valid when the semi-Wigner operator remains positive semidefinite, reducing to Markovian CQ models in the short-memory limit.
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Graviton-mediated entanglement due to light bending from a quantum rotor
Virtual graviton exchange between a photon and a high-spinning quantum rotor generates entanglement between photon degrees of freedom and rotor position, with prograde-retrograde motion yielding observable differences in linear entanglement entropy.
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Gravitationally Induced Quantum Decoherence of Macroscopic Objects
Gravitational decoherence of macroscopic objects in Newtonian gravity accumulates logarithmically over distances but remains subdominant to collisional decoherence.
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Correlated Quantum Sensing at the Seemingly Classical Limit
Correlated sensing with thermal-state resonant detectors enables statistical tests via symmetric correlators to reveal quantum noise characteristics of gravitons in two- and three-detector tabletop configurations.
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When does entanglement through gravity imply gravitons?
Entanglement through Newtonian potentials does not imply gravitons unless retardation effects are detected.
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Testing ER = EPR with Hydrogen
Field leakage into ER=EPR wormholes modifies hydrogen hyperfine splitting and may induce net charge, yielding constraints from existing precision data.
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Stochastic modes in postquantum classical gravity
Postquantum classical gravity requires stochastic spacetime fluctuations consisting of a diffusing spin-2 field and spin-0 scalar whose noise is constrained by LISA Pathfinder and decoherence bounds.
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Quantum Spacetime, Quantum Gravity and Gravitized Quantum Theory
Quantum spacetime with a non-commutative dual explains the fixed Born rule of quantum theory and leads to gravitized quantum mechanics featuring dynamical probabilities and higher-order interference.
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True and apparent motion of optomechanical resonators, with applications to feedback cooling of gravitational wave detector test masses
Extends prior two-photon formalism to compute true motion and optimal cooling in multi-DOF GW detector test masses, finding sub-unity occupation numbers possible over the oscillator bandwidth for common definitions.
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Absorption of Gravitons and Photon Luminosities of Interstellar/Intergalactic Hydrogen Atoms
Hydrogen atoms absorb gravitons at rates proportional to their number and graviton luminosity; the ratio of resulting photon luminosities can reveal graviton radiation due to helicity (1 vs 2).
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Rethinking quantum information in gravity and fields
The paper organizes important open questions in quantum gravity and quantum information into four themes without presenting new results or derivations.