Scalar-tensor gravity admits a frame-invariant perfect-fluid description with zero temperature, so that general relativity corresponds to diffusive equilibrium for both minimal and nonminimal theories.
New approach to the thermodynamics of scalar-tensor gravity,
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Eckart heat flux holds for all timelike scalar configurations in F(Φ,X)R + G theories if and only if F_X ≡ 0, reducing the theory to a Jordan-like subclass of Horndeski.
Extends scalar-tensor gravity thermodynamics to causal Israel-Stewart model via timelike heat flux ansatz, decoupling T and K while preserving GR equilibrium.
Scalar and tensor perturbations in Jordan-frame scalar-tensor gravity admit an exact linear-order Eckart effective-fluid description, with gravitational-wave damping governed by the scalar sector's transverse-traceless anisotropic stress.