Noisy expert imitation learning requires exponential samples for offline methods but polynomial for a variant of on-policy distillation under a noise condition.
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Self-Distilled Reasoner: On-Policy Self-Distillation for Large Language Models
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Knowledge distillation improves large language model (LLM) reasoning by compressing the knowledge of a teacher LLM to train smaller LLMs. On-policy distillation advances this approach by having the student sample its own trajectories while a teacher LLM provides dense token-level supervision, addressing the distribution mismatch between training and inference in off-policy distillation methods. However, on-policy distillation typically requires a separate, often larger, teacher LLM and does not explicitly leverage ground-truth solutions available in reasoning datasets. Inspired by the intuition that a sufficiently capable LLM can rationalize external privileged reasoning traces and teach its weaker self, we introduce On-Policy Self-Distillation (OPSD), a learning algorithm where a single LLM acts as both teacher and student with different contexts. The teacher policy conditions on privileged information (e.g., verified reasoning traces) while the student policy sees only the question; training minimizes the per-token divergence between these distributions over the student's own rollouts. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on multiple mathematical reasoning benchmarks, achieving superior token efficiency compared to reinforcement learning methods and better performance over off-policy distillation methods. Code repo: https://github.com/siyan-zhao/OPSD.
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- abstract Knowledge distillation improves large language model (LLM) reasoning by compressing the knowledge of a teacher LLM to train smaller LLMs. On-policy distillation advances this approach by having the student sample its own trajectories while a teacher LLM provides dense token-level supervision, addressing the distribution mismatch between training and inference in off-policy distillation methods. However, on-policy distillation typically requires a separate, often larger, teacher LLM and does not explicitly leverage ground-truth solutions available in reasoning datasets. Inspired by the intuitio
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2026 135representative citing papers
L-layer transformers under Log-ICoT curriculum provably learn k-parity with poly(n) samples and log k stages, matching explicit CoT efficiency without inference overhead.
AnyFlow enables any-step video diffusion by distilling flow-map transitions over arbitrary time intervals with on-policy backward simulation.
Purified OPSD subtracts a reference-only teacher's signal from standard OPSD supervision and applies PMI to create a cleaner distillation target, yielding gains on long-CoT models while preserving epistemic behavior.
Online IL overcomes an information-theoretic bottleneck that offline IL faces in non-realizable settings even at horizon 1, under a new structural characterization of reward-relative misspecification.
RGSD distills rubric-conditioned teacher distributions into base policies token-by-token, matching GRPO rubric satisfaction on Qwen models with one rollout and zero verifier calls.
A stop-gradient consistency regularizer mitigates context-induced degradation in on-policy distillation, improving robustness across 12 configurations.
AR-OPD disentangles privileged supervision via anchored residual guidance to reduce hindsight leakage in on-policy distillation, reporting gains of 2.3 points over full privileged OPD and 7.9 over SFT on reasoning tasks.
OPRD performs distillation in hidden-state space on on-policy data for deterministic gradients and better math benchmark performance, plus OPRD-Bridge for cross-architecture transfer via low-rank projectors.
DistIL applies distributional DAgger with forward cross-entropy to achieve monotonic policy improvement and better Pass@N from rich feedback in RL for reasoning tasks.
OmniOPD replaces token-level logit matching in on-policy distillation with Monte Carlo chunk-level semantic verification and a peak-entropy scheduler.
OPD+ removes the bias from stop-gradient in on-policy distillation by deriving correct gradients for f-divergences, outperforming standard KL-based methods on math reasoning and tool-use tasks.
Token teachability, based on local compatibility of teacher and student distributions, predicts on-policy distillation gains better than raw KL disagreement and enables TA-OPD to match or exceed full-token performance with 5% tokens across Qwen models.
Temporal scheduling of credit allocation criteria over RLVR training, using trajectory percentiles to target heterogeneous behaviors, yields more stable policy entropy and better reasoning benchmark results than static allocation.
EDGE-OPD adds guided rollouts and evidence masking to on-policy self-distillation, enabling successful learning of target identities where standard OPSD and RLSD fail.
Introduces a Cognitive User Simulator modeling stratified personas with hidden concerns and Simulator-Induced Asymmetric-View Policy Optimization to unlock proactive behavior in task-oriented dialogue agents.
Life-Harness evolves reusable interventions from training trajectories to enhance frozen LLM agents on unseen tasks across seven deterministic environments, yielding 88.5% average relative improvement in 116 of 126 model-environment settings.
CEPO sharpens token credit in RLVR by requiring tokens to be favored by the correct answer and disfavored by wrong answers drawn from rejected rollouts, delivering accuracy gains on five multimodal math benchmarks.
Next-acceleration-scale autoregressive prediction in discrete latent space with on-policy privileged information distillation yields improved MRI reconstructions from sparse measurements on the fastMRI benchmark.
A planner-orchestrator system learns long-horizon image editing by maximizing outcome-based rewards from a vision-language judge and refining plans from successful trajectories.
VPD frames language feedback learning as variational EM so the teacher policy refines itself via trust-region updates on outcomes while the student learns dense token distributions on its own rollouts, outperforming fixed-teacher baselines on reasoning and code tasks.
EGRSD and CL-EGRSD advance the accuracy-length frontier in LLM reasoning by entropy-guided weighting of token-level distillation signals from the teacher.
ActGuide-RL uses human action data as plan-style guidance in mixed-policy RL to overcome exploration barriers in LLM agents, matching SFT+RL performance on search benchmarks without cold-start training.
Self-distillation token rewards measure input-response-feedback pointwise mutual information, and CREDIT extracts the input-specific component with contrastive baselines to improve LLM reasoning performance.
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MAD-OPD: Breaking the Ceiling in On-Policy Distillation via Multi-Agent Debate
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Rock Tokens in on-policy distillation persist at high loss, account for up to 18% of outputs, absorb large gradient norms, but add negligible value to reasoning performance.
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Large Language Model Post-Training: A Unified View of Off-Policy and On-Policy Learning
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