Four transiting sub-Neptunes with radii measured to <1.7% precision and masses >3 sigma for three planets, plus an outer non-transiting companion, discovered around TOI-5624 via TESS, CHEOPS photometry, and ground-based RV data.
Planet formation theory: an overview
6 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 1 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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abstract
The standard model for planet formation is a bottom-up process in which the origin of rocky and gaseous planets can be traced back to the collision of micron-sized dust grains within the gas-rich environment of protoplanetary disks. Key milestones along the way include disk formation, grain growth, planetesimal formation, core growth, gas accretion, and planetary system evolution. I provide an introductory overview of planet formation, emphasizing the main ideas and reviewing current theoretical understanding. Many of the phases of planet formation have a well-developed physical understanding, though the complexity of the problem means that few can be quantitatively modeled with complete confidence. Transformative advances in disk imaging provide the first direct information on the initial conditions for planet formation, while exoplanet data has motivated new formation models that are faster, more efficient, and lead to a more diverse set of architectures than their Solar System inspired forebears. Much remains to be learned, and I close with a personal, incomplete list, of open problems.
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Gas giants form sub-snowline in binaries via dust traps at the tidal truncation radius, with observed planet semi-major axes following a_planet = 0.569 r_t (R²=0.94).
Extreme debris disks are a distinct subclass produced by large (Moon- to Mars-sized) collisions, with silica-rich mineralogy tracing energetic embryo impacts during terrestrial planet formation and high-W10 silica-poor systems marking later dynamical instability.
Nonlinear shock formation dominates angular momentum deposition from planet-induced density waves, cooling matches it for sub-thermal planets, and viscosity only matters at unrealistically high values.
GPU-accelerated N-body simulations show that the common acceleration factor f distorts planetary chemical compositions and that terrestrial planets can form resonant chains without gas-driven orbital migration.
Statistical analysis of 1155 protoplanetary disks shows only 1.2% are formally gravitationally unstable, likely because observations underestimate their masses.
citing papers explorer
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The multi-planet system TOI-5624: Four transiting sub-Neptunes with an outer companion revealed by transit-timing variations
Four transiting sub-Neptunes with radii measured to <1.7% precision and masses >3 sigma for three planets, plus an outer non-transiting companion, discovered around TOI-5624 via TESS, CHEOPS photometry, and ground-based RV data.
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Sub-Snowline Formation of Gas-Giant Planets in Binary Systems
Gas giants form sub-snowline in binaries via dust traps at the tidal truncation radius, with observed planet semi-major axes following a_planet = 0.569 r_t (R²=0.94).
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Extreme Debris Disks: Insights into Violent Collisions in Planet Formation and Destruction
Extreme debris disks are a distinct subclass produced by large (Moon- to Mars-sized) collisions, with silica-rich mineralogy tracing energetic embryo impacts during terrestrial planet formation and high-W10 silica-poor systems marking later dynamical instability.
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$\alpha\beta q_\mathrm{th}$-mapping of planet-induced density wave damping in protoplanetary discs
Nonlinear shock formation dominates angular momentum deposition from planet-induced density waves, cooling matches it for sub-thermal planets, and viscosity only matters at unrealistically high values.
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Terrestrial planet formation in the era of GPU computing
GPU-accelerated N-body simulations show that the common acceleration factor f distorts planetary chemical compositions and that terrestrial planets can form resonant chains without gas-driven orbital migration.
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Investigation of gravitational stability of protoplanetary disks based on statistical analysis of their masses
Statistical analysis of 1155 protoplanetary disks shows only 1.2% are formally gravitationally unstable, likely because observations underestimate their masses.