A discrete gauge symmetry protecting the axion induces a large effective mass during inflation via a gauge-invariant PQ-violating operator, suppressing isocurvature fluctuations and addressing both quality and isocurvature issues.
Flavor in ninths and a discrete gauge origin of the QCD axion,
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A subconstituent compositeness reading of the B-lattice organizes fermion masses and mixings on a ninths ladder with Z9 charges, yielding CKM/PMNS forms, m3 ≃ 51 meV, ma ∼ 7–12 μeV, and tanβ ≃ 10–16 from Λ and ε = 14/75.
citing papers explorer
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High-Quality Axion Dark Matter without Isocurvature Problem
A discrete gauge symmetry protecting the axion induces a large effective mass during inflation via a gauge-invariant PQ-violating operator, suppressing isocurvature fluctuations and addressing both quality and isocurvature issues.
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Generation as Compositeness: A Subconstituent Interpretation of the $B$-Lattice Flavor Hierarchy
A subconstituent compositeness reading of the B-lattice organizes fermion masses and mixings on a ninths ladder with Z9 charges, yielding CKM/PMNS forms, m3 ≃ 51 meV, ma ∼ 7–12 μeV, and tanβ ≃ 10–16 from Λ and ε = 14/75.