LongBench is the first bilingual multi-task benchmark for long context understanding in LLMs, containing 21 datasets in 6 categories with average lengths of 6711 words (English) and 13386 characters (Chinese).
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Extending Context Window of Large Language Models via Positional Interpolation
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abstract
We present Position Interpolation (PI) that extends the context window sizes of RoPE-based pretrained LLMs such as LLaMA models to up to 32768 with minimal fine-tuning (within 1000 steps), while demonstrating strong empirical results on various tasks that require long context, including passkey retrieval, language modeling, and long document summarization from LLaMA 7B to 65B. Meanwhile, the extended model by Position Interpolation preserve quality relatively well on tasks within its original context window. To achieve this goal, Position Interpolation linearly down-scales the input position indices to match the original context window size, rather than extrapolating beyond the trained context length which may lead to catastrophically high attention scores that completely ruin the self-attention mechanism. Our theoretical study shows that the upper bound of interpolation is at least $\sim 600 \times$ smaller than that of extrapolation, further demonstrating its stability. Models extended via Position Interpolation retain its original architecture and can reuse most pre-existing optimization and infrastructure.
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representative citing papers
EndPrompt induces reliable long-context generalization in LLaMA models from sparse positional supervision via a two-segment short-sequence construction with terminal anchoring.
dGRPO merges outcome-based policy optimization with dense teacher guidance from on-policy distillation, yielding more stable long-context reasoning on the new LongBlocks synthetic dataset.
ExtraVAR enables resolution extrapolation in visual autoregressive models by stage-aware RoPE remapping and entropy-driven attention scaling, suppressing repetition and detail loss.
Jordan-RoPE realizes a non-semisimple relative positional operator that produces coupled oscillatory-polynomial features such as d e^{i omega d} for causal query-key lags.
Dual Triangle Attention achieves effective bidirectional attention with built-in positional inductive bias via dual triangular masks, outperforming standard bidirectional attention on position-sensitive tasks and showing strong masked language modeling results with or without positional embeddings.
Multiscreen replaces softmax attention with screening to provide absolute query-key relevance, resulting in models with 30% fewer parameters that maintain stable performance at long contexts.
SHARP applies a spectrum-aware dynamic RoPE scaling schedule that promotes resolution more strongly in early denoising stages and relaxes it later, outperforming static baselines on quality metrics for remote sensing images.
LongRoPE extends LLM context windows to 2048k tokens via search for non-uniform positional interpolation, progressive fine-tuning from 256k, and short-context readjustment.
Continued pre-training with balanced long-document VQA data extends a 7B LVLM to 128K context, improving long-document VQA by 7.1% and generalizing to 512K without further training.
Attention to goal tokens declines in multi-turn LLM interactions while residual representations often retain decodable goal information, and the gap between these predicts whether goal-conditioned behavior survives.
KV-Fold turns frozen transformers into stable long-context models by folding the KV cache across sequence chunks in repeated forward passes.
EXACT re-allocates training supervision by inverse frequency of long effective-context targets, improving NoLiMa and RULER scores by 5-18 points on Qwen and LLaMA models without degrading standard QA or reasoning.
GAPE augments RoPE with query- and key-dependent gates to stabilize attention and improve long-context performance in language models.
SCoL trains LLMs via meta-reinforcement learning to generate layer-specific update instructions that improve knowledge acquisition and retention from context streams over standard baselines.
RouteHead trains a lightweight router to dynamically select optimal LLM attention heads per query for improved attention-based document re-ranking.
SharedLLM stacks two copies of a short-context LLM so the lower one compresses context into query-aware multi-grained tokens that are injected only at the lowest layers of the upper one, enabling generalization from 8K training to 128K+ inputs.
MMHNet enables video-to-audio models trained on short clips to generalize and generate audio for videos over 5 minutes long.
HyMem introduces dual-granular memory storage with a lightweight summary module for fast responses and selective activation of a deep LLM module for complex queries, outperforming full-context baselines by 92.6% lower computational cost on LOCOMO and LongMemEval benchmarks.
Self-Forcing++ scales autoregressive video diffusion to over 4 minutes by using self-generated segments for guidance, reducing error accumulation and outperforming baselines in fidelity and consistency.
MemAgent uses multi-conversation RL to train a memory agent that reads text in segments and overwrites memory, extrapolating from 8K training to 3.5M token QA with under 5% loss and 95%+ on 512K RULER.
Applying a head-specific sigmoid gate after SDPA in LLMs boosts performance and stability by adding non-linearity and query-dependent sparse modulation while reducing attention sinks.
Extending language model context length enables LMMs to process over 200K visual tokens from long videos without video training, achieving SOTA on Video-MME via dense frame sampling.
Falcon-180B is a 180B-parameter open decoder-only model trained on 3.5 trillion tokens that approaches PaLM-2-Large performance at lower cost and is released with dataset extracts.
citing papers explorer
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LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understanding
LongBench is the first bilingual multi-task benchmark for long context understanding in LLMs, containing 21 datasets in 6 categories with average lengths of 6711 words (English) and 13386 characters (Chinese).
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EndPrompt: Efficient Long-Context Extension via Terminal Anchoring
EndPrompt induces reliable long-context generalization in LLaMA models from sparse positional supervision via a two-segment short-sequence construction with terminal anchoring.
-
Combining On-Policy Optimization and Distillation for Long-Context Reasoning in Large Language Models
dGRPO merges outcome-based policy optimization with dense teacher guidance from on-policy distillation, yielding more stable long-context reasoning on the new LongBlocks synthetic dataset.
-
ExtraVAR: Stage-Aware RoPE Remapping for Resolution Extrapolation in Visual Autoregressive Models
ExtraVAR enables resolution extrapolation in visual autoregressive models by stage-aware RoPE remapping and entropy-driven attention scaling, suppressing repetition and detail loss.
-
Jordan-RoPE: Non-Semisimple Relative Positional Encoding via Complex Jordan Blocks
Jordan-RoPE realizes a non-semisimple relative positional operator that produces coupled oscillatory-polynomial features such as d e^{i omega d} for causal query-key lags.
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Dual Triangle Attention: Effective Bidirectional Attention Without Positional Embeddings
Dual Triangle Attention achieves effective bidirectional attention with built-in positional inductive bias via dual triangular masks, outperforming standard bidirectional attention on position-sensitive tasks and showing strong masked language modeling results with or without positional embeddings.
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Screening Is Enough
Multiscreen replaces softmax attention with screening to provide absolute query-key relevance, resulting in models with 30% fewer parameters that maintain stable performance at long contexts.
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SHARP: Spectrum-aware Highly-dynamic Adaptation for Resolution Promotion in Remote Sensing Synthesis
SHARP applies a spectrum-aware dynamic RoPE scaling schedule that promotes resolution more strongly in early denoising stages and relaxes it later, outperforming static baselines on quality metrics for remote sensing images.
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LongRoPE: Extending LLM Context Window Beyond 2 Million Tokens
LongRoPE extends LLM context windows to 2048k tokens via search for non-uniform positional interpolation, progressive fine-tuning from 256k, and short-context readjustment.
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Training Long-Context Vision-Language Models Effectively with Generalization Beyond 128K Context
Continued pre-training with balanced long-document VQA data extends a 7B LVLM to 128K context, improving long-document VQA by 7.1% and generalizing to 512K without further training.
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When Attention Closes: How LLMs Lose the Thread in Multi-Turn Interaction
Attention to goal tokens declines in multi-turn LLM interactions while residual representations often retain decodable goal information, and the gap between these predicts whether goal-conditioned behavior survives.
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KV-Fold: One-Step KV-Cache Recurrence for Long-Context Inference
KV-Fold turns frozen transformers into stable long-context models by folding the KV cache across sequence chunks in repeated forward passes.
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Where Does Long-Context Supervision Actually Go? Effective-Context Exposure Balancing
EXACT re-allocates training supervision by inverse frequency of long effective-context targets, improving NoLiMa and RULER scores by 5-18 points on Qwen and LLaMA models without degrading standard QA or reasoning.
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Remember to Forget: Gated Adaptive Positional Encoding
GAPE augments RoPE with query- and key-dependent gates to stabilize attention and improve long-context performance in language models.
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Self-Consolidating Language Models: Continual Knowledge Incorporation from Context
SCoL trains LLMs via meta-reinforcement learning to generate layer-specific update instructions that improve knowledge acquisition and retention from context streams over standard baselines.
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Learning to Route Queries to Heads for Attention-based Re-ranking with Large Language Models
RouteHead trains a lightweight router to dynamically select optimal LLM attention heads per query for improved attention-based document re-ranking.
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Stacked from One: Multi-Scale Self-Injection for Context Window Extension
SharedLLM stacks two copies of a short-context LLM so the lower one compresses context into query-aware multi-grained tokens that are injected only at the lowest layers of the upper one, enabling generalization from 8K training to 128K+ inputs.
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Echoes Over Time: Unlocking Length Generalization in Video-to-Audio Generation Models
MMHNet enables video-to-audio models trained on short clips to generalize and generate audio for videos over 5 minutes long.
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HyMem: Hybrid Memory Architecture with Dynamic Retrieval Scheduling
HyMem introduces dual-granular memory storage with a lightweight summary module for fast responses and selective activation of a deep LLM module for complex queries, outperforming full-context baselines by 92.6% lower computational cost on LOCOMO and LongMemEval benchmarks.
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Self-Forcing++: Towards Minute-Scale High-Quality Video Generation
Self-Forcing++ scales autoregressive video diffusion to over 4 minutes by using self-generated segments for guidance, reducing error accumulation and outperforming baselines in fidelity and consistency.
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MemAgent: Reshaping Long-Context LLM with Multi-Conv RL-based Memory Agent
MemAgent uses multi-conversation RL to train a memory agent that reads text in segments and overwrites memory, extrapolating from 8K training to 3.5M token QA with under 5% loss and 95%+ on 512K RULER.
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Gated Attention for Large Language Models: Non-linearity, Sparsity, and Attention-Sink-Free
Applying a head-specific sigmoid gate after SDPA in LLMs boosts performance and stability by adding non-linearity and query-dependent sparse modulation while reducing attention sinks.
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Long Context Transfer from Language to Vision
Extending language model context length enables LMMs to process over 200K visual tokens from long videos without video training, achieving SOTA on Video-MME via dense frame sampling.
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The Falcon Series of Open Language Models
Falcon-180B is a 180B-parameter open decoder-only model trained on 3.5 trillion tokens that approaches PaLM-2-Large performance at lower cost and is released with dataset extracts.
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MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems
MemGPT uses OS-inspired virtual context management to extend LLM context windows for large document analysis and long-term multi-session chat.
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Efficient Streaming Language Models with Attention Sinks
StreamingLLM lets finite-window LLMs generalize to infinite-length sequences by retaining initial-token KV states as attention sinks, enabling stable streaming inference up to 4M tokens.
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YaRN: Efficient Context Window Extension of Large Language Models
YaRN extends the context window of RoPE-based LLMs like LLaMA more efficiently than prior methods, using 10x fewer tokens and 2.5x fewer steps while surpassing state-of-the-art performance and enabling extrapolation beyond fine-tuning lengths.
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VIP-COP: Context Optimization for Tabular Foundation Models
VIP-COP is a black-box method that optimizes context for tabular foundation models by ranking and selecting high-value samples and features via online KernelSHAP regression, outperforming baselines on large high-dimensional data.
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MemReread: Enhancing Agentic Long-Context Reasoning via Memory-Guided Rereading
MemReread improves agent long-context reasoning by triggering rereading on insufficient final memory to recover discarded indirect facts, outperforming baselines at linear complexity.
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Decouple and Cache: KV Cache Construction for Streaming Video Understanding
DSCache decouples cumulative past and instant KV caches with position-agnostic encoding to adapt offline VideoVLLMs to streaming video, delivering 2.5% average accuracy gains on QA benchmarks.
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Adaptive 3D-RoPE: Physics-Aligned Rotary Positional Encoding for Wireless Foundation Models
Adaptive 3D-RoPE adapts rotary positional encoding to wireless channel physics via learnable 3D frequencies and dynamic CSI control, yielding up to 10.7 dB NMSE gains in scale extrapolation and 1 dB in zero-shot tasks.
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Externalization in LLM Agents: A Unified Review of Memory, Skills, Protocols and Harness Engineering
LLM agent progress depends on externalizing cognitive functions into memory, skills, protocols, and harness engineering that coordinates them reliably.
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Resolving the Robustness-Precision Trade-off in Financial RAG through Hybrid Document-Routed Retrieval
HDRR combines document-level semantic routing with scoped chunk retrieval to outperform both pure chunk-based retrieval and semantic file routing on the FinDER benchmark, delivering higher average scores, lower failure rates, and more perfect answers.
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DeepSeek-Coder: When the Large Language Model Meets Programming -- The Rise of Code Intelligence
DeepSeek-Coder open-source models trained on 2T code tokens with fill-in-the-blank pretraining achieve SOTA results among open models and surpass closed-source Codex and GPT-3.5 on code benchmarks.
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A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Models
The survey organizes Context Engineering into retrieval, processing, management, and integrated systems like RAG and multi-agent setups while identifying an asymmetry where LLMs handle complex inputs well but struggle with equally sophisticated long outputs.
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Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Large Models: A Comprehensive Survey
A comprehensive survey of PEFT algorithms for large models, covering their performance, overhead, applications, and real-world system implementations.
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ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Tools
GLM-4 models rival or exceed GPT-4 on MMLU, GSM8K, MATH, BBH, GPQA, HumanEval, IFEval, long-context tasks, and Chinese alignment while adding autonomous tool use for web, code, and image generation.
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A Survey of Large Language Models
This survey reviews the background, key techniques, and evaluation methods for large language models, emphasizing emergent abilities that appear at large scales.