SED fitting of star clusters in NGC 628 identifies an evolutionary sequence from embedded young clusters to visible ones with a photo-dissociation region clearing timescale of approximately 4 Myr.
Nature , year = 1995, month = nov, volume =
4 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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A self-consistent multi-zone kinetic model reproduces SN 1006's spectrum and morphology, finding ~20% CR acceleration efficiency in quasi-parallel shocks, <1% in quasi-perpendicular shocks, and predominantly leptonic gamma-ray emission.
Reconnection injects suprathermal protons during cosmological magnetogenesis yielding a ~10^{-7} nonthermal energy fraction that provides only a minor seed for later shock acceleration.