ORPO performs preference alignment during supervised fine-tuning via a monolithic odds ratio penalty, allowing 7B models to outperform larger state-of-the-art models on alignment benchmarks.
hub Mixed citations
QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (69%).
87
Pith papers citing it
Background
69% of classified citations
abstract
We present QLoRA, an efficient finetuning approach that reduces memory usage enough to finetune a 65B parameter model on a single 48GB GPU while preserving full 16-bit finetuning task performance. QLoRA backpropagates gradients through a frozen, 4-bit quantized pretrained language model into Low Rank Adapters~(LoRA). Our best model family, which we name Guanaco, outperforms all previous openly released models on the Vicuna benchmark, reaching 99.3% of the performance level of ChatGPT while only requiring 24 hours of finetuning on a single GPU. QLoRA introduces a number of innovations to save memory without sacrificing performance: (a) 4-bit NormalFloat (NF4), a new data type that is information theoretically optimal for normally distributed weights (b) double quantization to reduce the average memory footprint by quantizing the quantization constants, and (c) paged optimziers to manage memory spikes. We use QLoRA to finetune more than 1,000 models, providing a detailed analysis of instruction following and chatbot performance across 8 instruction datasets, multiple model types (LLaMA, T5), and model scales that would be infeasible to run with regular finetuning (e.g. 33B and 65B parameter models). Our results show that QLoRA finetuning on a small high-quality dataset leads to state-of-the-art results, even when using smaller models than the previous SoTA. We provide a detailed analysis of chatbot performance based on both human and GPT-4 evaluations showing that GPT-4 evaluations are a cheap and reasonable alternative to human evaluation. Furthermore, we find that current chatbot benchmarks are not trustworthy to accurately evaluate the performance levels of chatbots. A lemon-picked analysis demonstrates where Guanaco fails compared to ChatGPT. We release all of our models and code, including CUDA kernels for 4-bit training.
hub tools
citation-role summary
background 19
method 6
other 1
citation-polarity summary
claims ledger
- abstract We present QLoRA, an efficient finetuning approach that reduces memory usage enough to finetune a 65B parameter model on a single 48GB GPU while preserving full 16-bit finetuning task performance. QLoRA backpropagates gradients through a frozen, 4-bit quantized pretrained language model into Low Rank Adapters~(LoRA). Our best model family, which we name Guanaco, outperforms all previous openly released models on the Vicuna benchmark, reaching 99.3% of the performance level of ChatGPT while only requiring 24 hours of finetuning on a single GPU. QLoRA introduces a number of innovations to save m
co-cited works
representative citing papers
Gradient and greedy search over token suffixes produces universal, transferable adversarial prompts that elicit objectionable outputs from aligned models including black-box commercial systems.
A calibration strategy using full-Jones corrections with an in-field unpolarised calibrator and visibility-based multi-epoch alignment enables sub-arcsecond polarimetric imaging with LOFAR at metre wavelengths.
A dual-encoder deepfake detector pairs a frozen specialist with a LoRA-tuned MLLM, trained first via binary alignment then via RL to reward explain-then-classify behavior, yielding improved cross-dataset performance and interpretability.
Autoregressive transformers exhibit measurable cognitive fatigue during extended generation, quantified by the Fatigue Index that predicts degradation (AUROC 0.95) and repetition (rho 0.94).
LlamaWeb is a WebGPU backend for llama.cpp that uses static memory planning, tunable kernels, and templated multi-precision support to cut memory use by 29-33% and raise decode throughput by 45-69% versus prior browser frameworks on tested hardware.
PCM uses success-failure action variance to probabilistically select and mask chunks for gradient updates in GRPO, matching standard success rates with 2.38x wall-clock speedup and 60% lower memory on LIBERO benchmarks.
DiagnosticIQ benchmark shows frontier LLMs perform similarly on standard rule-to-action tasks but lose substantial accuracy under distractor expansion and condition inversion, pointing to calibration as the key deployment issue.
Presents MBFC-2025 dataset and multi-view embeddings with fusion methods for media bias and factuality, reporting SOTA results on ACL-2020 and new benchmarks on MBFC-2025.
VLA models exhibit a compute-bound VLM phase followed by a memory-bound action phase on edge hardware; DP-Cache and V-AEFusion reduce redundancy and enable pipeline parallelism for up to 6x speedup on NPUs with marginal task degradation.
Visual token pruning in MLLMs fails on complex reasoning due to Relevant Visual Information Shift during decoding, but the DSTP framework fixes it training-free across models.
CrashSight is a new infrastructure-focused benchmark showing that state-of-the-art vision-language models can describe crash scenes but fail at temporal and causal reasoning.
AtlasOCR delivers the first open-source Darija OCR by fine-tuning Qwen2.5-VL 3B, achieving state-of-the-art results on custom and existing benchmarks for both Darija and Arabic.
KITE is a training-free method that uses keyframe-indexed tokenized evidence including BEV schematics to enhance VLM performance on robot failure detection, identification, localization, explanation, and correction.
ScrapeGraphAI-100k releases 93,695 real telemetry examples pairing web page content with prompts, schemas, and LLM responses to support training and benchmarking of schema-constrained generation.
CORP performs one-shot structured pruning of Transformers by modeling removed components as affine functions of retained ones and solving closed-form ridge regressions on calibration data to fold compensation into weights, retaining 83.27% Top-1 accuracy on DeiT-Huge after 50% pruning.
A new open pipeline and dataset enable training of a vision-language model for whole-slide pathology VQA that outperforms MedGemma on tissue identification, neoplasm detection, and differential diagnosis.
Medusa augments LLMs with multiple decoding heads and tree-based attention to predict and verify several tokens in parallel, yielding 2.2-3.6x inference speedup via two fine-tuning regimes.
Iterative self-rewarding via LLM-as-Judge in DPO training on Llama 2 70B improves instruction following and self-evaluation, outperforming GPT-4 on AlpacaEval 2.0.
The Shannon Scaling Law treats LLM training as noisy-channel transmission and predicts U-shaped performance degradation when signal-to-noise ratio falls below a threshold, outperforming monotonic scaling laws on Pythia and OLMo2 data.
Controlled study shows mixed training curricula improve aggregate F1 on memory QA benchmarks while out-of-domain data transfers targeted skills like temporal reasoning, with per-question-type effects exceeding aggregate differences.
A dataset-agnostic framework converts text tool-calling benchmarks to paired audio evaluations via TTS, speaker variation and noise, then evaluates seven omni-modal models showing model- and task-dependent performance with small text-to-voice gaps.
Summing outputs from separately trained QLoRA PEFT modules provides strong performance for attribute-controlled text generation, often matching or exceeding single-task modules even on single-attribute tests.
Sharpness-aware pretraining and related flat-minima interventions reduce catastrophic forgetting by up to 80% after post-training across 20M-150M models and by 31-40% at 1B scale.
citing papers explorer
-
ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Model
ORPO performs preference alignment during supervised fine-tuning via a monolithic odds ratio penalty, allowing 7B models to outperform larger state-of-the-art models on alignment benchmarks.
-
Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models
Gradient and greedy search over token suffixes produces universal, transferable adversarial prompts that elicit objectionable outputs from aligned models including black-box commercial systems.
-
Polarisation and Faraday rotation measure imaging at metre wavelengths with sub-arcsecond resolution: a foundational calibration strategy
A calibration strategy using full-Jones corrections with an in-field unpolarised calibrator and visibility-based multi-epoch alignment enables sub-arcsecond polarimetric imaging with LOFAR at metre wavelengths.
-
The Regularizing Power of Language-Training Deepfake Detectors
A dual-encoder deepfake detector pairs a frozen specialist with a LoRA-tuned MLLM, trained first via binary alignment then via RL to reward explain-then-classify behavior, yielding improved cross-dataset performance and interpretability.
-
Cognitive Fatigue in Autoregressive Transformers: Formalization and Measurement
Autoregressive transformers exhibit measurable cognitive fatigue during extended generation, quantified by the Fatigue Index that predicts degradation (AUROC 0.95) and repetition (rho 0.94).
-
Llamas on the Web: Memory-Efficient, Performance-Portable, and Multi-Precision LLM Inference with WebGPU
LlamaWeb is a WebGPU backend for llama.cpp that uses static memory planning, tunable kernels, and templated multi-precision support to cut memory use by 29-33% and raise decode throughput by 45-69% versus prior browser frameworks on tested hardware.
-
Learn Where Outcomes Diverge: Efficient VLA RL via Probabilistic Chunk Masking
PCM uses success-failure action variance to probabilistically select and mask chunks for gradient updates in GRPO, matching standard success rates with 2.38x wall-clock speedup and 60% lower memory on LIBERO benchmarks.
-
DiagnosticIQ: A Benchmark for LLM-Based Industrial Maintenance Action Recommendation from Symbolic Rules
DiagnosticIQ benchmark shows frontier LLMs perform similarly on standard rule-to-action tasks but lose substantial accuracy under distractor expansion and condition inversion, pointing to calibration as the key deployment issue.
-
A Multi-View Media Profiling Suite: Resources, Evaluation, and Analysis
Presents MBFC-2025 dataset and multi-view embeddings with fusion methods for media bias and factuality, reporting SOTA results on ACL-2020 and new benchmarks on MBFC-2025.
-
Characterizing Vision-Language-Action Models across XPUs: Constraints and Acceleration for On-Robot Deployment
VLA models exhibit a compute-bound VLM phase followed by a memory-bound action phase on edge hardware; DP-Cache and V-AEFusion reduce redundancy and enable pipeline parallelism for up to 6x speedup on NPUs with marginal task degradation.
-
Why and When Visual Token Pruning Fails? A Study on Relevant Visual Information Shift in MLLMs Decoding
Visual token pruning in MLLMs fails on complex reasoning due to Relevant Visual Information Shift during decoding, but the DSTP framework fixes it training-free across models.
-
CrashSight: A Phase-Aware, Infrastructure-Centric Video Benchmark for Traffic Crash Scene Understanding and Reasoning
CrashSight is a new infrastructure-focused benchmark showing that state-of-the-art vision-language models can describe crash scenes but fail at temporal and causal reasoning.
-
AtlasOCR: Building the First Open-Source Darija OCR Model with Vision Language Models
AtlasOCR delivers the first open-source Darija OCR by fine-tuning Qwen2.5-VL 3B, achieving state-of-the-art results on custom and existing benchmarks for both Darija and Arabic.
-
KITE: Keyframe-Indexed Tokenized Evidence for VLM-Based Robot Failure Analysis
KITE is a training-free method that uses keyframe-indexed tokenized evidence including BEV schematics to enhance VLM performance on robot failure detection, identification, localization, explanation, and correction.
-
ScrapeGraphAI-100k: Dataset for Schema-Constrained LLM Generation
ScrapeGraphAI-100k releases 93,695 real telemetry examples pairing web page content with prompts, schemas, and LLM responses to support training and benchmarking of schema-constrained generation.
-
CORP: Closed-Form One-shot Representation-Preserving Structured Pruning for Transformers
CORP performs one-shot structured pruning of Transformers by modeling removed components as affine functions of retained ones and solving closed-form ridge regressions on calibration data to fold compensation into weights, retaining 83.27% Top-1 accuracy on DeiT-Huge after 50% pruning.
-
Democratising Pathology Co-Pilots: An Open Pipeline and Dataset for Whole-Slide Vision-Language Modelling
A new open pipeline and dataset enable training of a vision-language model for whole-slide pathology VQA that outperforms MedGemma on tissue identification, neoplasm detection, and differential diagnosis.
-
Medusa: Simple LLM Inference Acceleration Framework with Multiple Decoding Heads
Medusa augments LLMs with multiple decoding heads and tree-based attention to predict and verify several tokens in parallel, yielding 2.2-3.6x inference speedup via two fine-tuning regimes.
-
Self-Rewarding Language Models
Iterative self-rewarding via LLM-as-Judge in DPO training on Llama 2 70B improves instruction following and self-evaluation, outperforming GPT-4 on AlpacaEval 2.0.
-
LLMs as Noisy Channels: A Shannon Perspective on Model Capacity and Scaling Laws
The Shannon Scaling Law treats LLM training as noisy-channel transmission and predicts U-shaped performance degradation when signal-to-noise ratio falls below a threshold, outperforming monotonic scaling laws on Pythia and OLMo2 data.
-
What Training Data Teaches RL Memory Agents: An Empirical Study of Curriculum Effects in Memory-Augmented QA
Controlled study shows mixed training curricula improve aggregate F1 on memory QA benchmarks while out-of-domain data transfers targeted skills like temporal reasoning, with per-question-type effects exceeding aggregate differences.
-
From Text to Voice: A Reproducible and Verifiable Framework for Evaluating Tool Calling LLM Agents
A dataset-agnostic framework converts text tool-calling benchmarks to paired audio evaluations via TTS, speaker variation and noise, then evaluates seven omni-modal models showing model- and task-dependent performance with small text-to-voice gaps.
-
Output Composability of QLoRA PEFT Modules for Plug-and-Play Attribute-Controlled Text Generation
Summing outputs from separately trained QLoRA PEFT modules provides strong performance for attribute-controlled text generation, often matching or exceeding single-task modules even on single-attribute tests.
-
Sharpness-Aware Pretraining Mitigates Catastrophic Forgetting
Sharpness-aware pretraining and related flat-minima interventions reduce catastrophic forgetting by up to 80% after post-training across 20M-150M models and by 31-40% at 1B scale.
-
State Stream Transformer (SST) V2: Parallel Training of Nonlinear Recurrence for Latent Space Reasoning
SST V2 introduces parallel-trainable nonlinear recurrence in latent space to let transformers reason continuously across positions, delivering +15 points on GPQA-Diamond and halving remaining GSM8K errors over matched baselines.
-
Diversity in Large Language Models under Supervised Fine-Tuning
TOFU loss mitigates the narrowing of generative diversity in LLMs after supervised fine-tuning by addressing neglect of low-frequency patterns and forgetting of prior knowledge.
-
Leveraging LLMs for Multi-File DSL Code Generation: An Industrial Case Study
Fine-tuning 7B code LLMs on a custom multi-file DSL dataset achieves structural fidelity of 1.00, high exact-match accuracy, and practical utility validated by expert survey and execution checks.
-
Separable Expert Architecture: Toward Privacy-Preserving LLM Personalization via Composable Adapters and Deletable User Proxies
A separable expert architecture uses base models, LoRA adapters, and deletable per-user proxies to enable privacy-preserving personalization and deterministic unlearning in LLMs.
-
Pioneer Agent: Continual Improvement of Small Language Models in Production
Pioneer Agent automates the full lifecycle of adapting and continually improving small language models via diagnosis-driven data synthesis and regression-constrained retraining, delivering gains of 1.6-83.8 points on benchmarks and large lifts in production-style tasks.
-
Sensitivity-Positional Co-Localization in GQA Transformers
In Llama 3.1 8B, task-sensitive layers cluster late while RoPE adaptation is strongest early, yet applying both adaptations only to sensitivity-identified layers outperforms other layer choices by 4-16 points on MMLU, GPQA, HumanEval+, MATH, MGSM and ARC.
-
The Art of (Mis)alignment: How Fine-Tuning Methods Effectively Misalign and Realign LLMs in Post-Training
ORPO is most effective at misaligning LLMs while DPO excels at realigning them, though it reduces utility, revealing an asymmetry between attack and defense methods.
-
ForkKV: Scaling Multi-LoRA Agent Serving via Copy-on-Write Disaggregated KV Cache
ForkKV uses copy-on-write disaggregated KV cache with DualRadixTree and ResidualAttention kernels to deliver up to 3x throughput over prior multi-LoRA serving systems with negligible quality loss.
-
Constraint-Driven Warm-Freeze for Efficient Transfer Learning in Photovoltaic Systems
CDWF achieves 90-99% of full fine-tuning performance with up to 120x fewer trainable parameters by dynamically allocating full trainability to gradient-important blocks and LoRA to others for PV cyberattack transfer learning.
-
Aletheia: Gradient-Guided Layer Selection for Efficient LoRA Fine-Tuning Across Architectures
Gradient-guided layer selection for LoRA yields 15-28% training speedup with matched downstream results on MMLU, GSM8K, and HumanEval across 14 models from 0.5B to 72B parameters.
-
An Explainable Vision-Language Model Framework with Adaptive PID-Tversky Loss for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Diagnosis
A VLM framework with spatial patch cross-attention and adaptive PID-Tversky loss reports 90.69% classification accuracy, 0.9512 Dice score, and 92.80 CIDEr for LSS diagnosis plus automated report generation.
-
LiFT: Does Instruction Fine-Tuning Improve In-Context Learning for Longitudinal Modelling by Large Language Models?
LiFT instruction fine-tunes LLMs with a temporal curriculum to improve in-context learning on longitudinal NLP tasks, yielding gains on out-of-distribution data and rare change events across multiple model sizes.
-
ALL-FEM: Agentic Large Language models Fine-tuned for Finite Element Methods
ALL-FEM fine-tunes LLMs on a corpus of verified FEniCS scripts and uses multi-agent workflows to automate finite element code generation, achieving 71.79% success on 39 benchmarks across elasticity, flow, and coupled problems.
-
Rethinking 1-bit Optimization Leveraging Pre-trained Large Language Models
A progressive training scheme with binary-aware initialization and dual-scaling allows pre-trained LLMs to be converted to high-performance 1-bit models without training from scratch.
-
Optimus: A Robust Defense Framework for Mitigating Toxicity while Fine-Tuning Conversational AI
Optimus mitigates toxicity during LLM fine-tuning by combining repurposed LLM safety alignments for detection with synthetic data and DPO alignment, remaining effective even with highly biased classifiers and against attacks.
-
Inference Scaling Laws: An Empirical Analysis of Compute-Optimal Inference for Problem-Solving with Language Models
Empirical analysis shows scaling inference compute via strategies like tree search can be more efficient than scaling model parameters, with 7B models plus novel search outperforming 34B models.
-
ASVD: Activation-aware Singular Value Decomposition for Compressing Large Language Models
ASVD compresses LLMs by 10-30% and KV caches by 50% via activation-aware SVD that absorbs outliers into transformed weights and calibrates per-layer sensitivity.
-
AutoDAN: Generating Stealthy Jailbreak Prompts on Aligned Large Language Models
AutoDAN automatically generates semantically meaningful jailbreak prompts for aligned LLMs via a hierarchical genetic algorithm, achieving higher attack success, cross-model transferability, and universality than baselines while bypassing perplexity defenses.
-
MetaMath: Bootstrap Your Own Mathematical Questions for Large Language Models
Bootstrapping math questions via rewriting creates MetaMathQA; fine-tuning LLaMA-2 on it yields 66.4% on GSM8K for 7B and 82.3% for 70B, beating prior same-size models by large margins.
-
MAmmoTH: Building Math Generalist Models through Hybrid Instruction Tuning
MAmmoTH models trained via hybrid CoT-PoT instruction tuning on MathInstruct outperform prior open-source LLMs by 16-32% average accuracy on nine math datasets, reaching 33% and 44% on MATH for 7B and 34B scales.
-
Baseline Defenses for Adversarial Attacks Against Aligned Language Models
Baseline defenses including perplexity-based detection, input preprocessing, and adversarial training offer partial robustness to text adversarial attacks on LLMs, with challenges arising from weak discrete optimizers.
-
Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena
GPT-4 as an LLM judge achieves over 80% agreement with human preferences on MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena, matching human agreement levels and providing a scalable evaluation method.
-
Architecture-Sensitive Supervised Fine-Tuning for Screen-Conditioned Action Prediction: A PiSAR Benchmark
Fine-tuned Qwen3-VL-8B reaches sem_sim 0.783 on PiSAR held-out set vs 0.46-0.48 for frontier zero-shot, while Gemma-4-26B scores 0.441.
-
TIMEGATE: Sustainable Time-Boxed Promotion Gates for Continual ML Adaptation Under Resource Constraints
TIMEGATE introduces time-boxed promotion gates and an M signal that delivers 66% evaluation-compute savings in simulation and 89% wall-clock/energy reduction on LLaMA-3.1-8B experiments with no silent mis-promotions.
-
A Standardized Re-evaluation of Conversational Recommender Systems on the ReDial Dataset
Standardized re-evaluation of CRS methods on ReDial shows nearly 50% of reported accuracy stems from repetition shortcuts absent in novelty-focused tests, with gains driven more by LLM backbone than architectures and recall overstating effectiveness.
-
Fine-Tuning Models for Automated Code Review Feedback
PEFT fine-tuning of Code Llama yields feedback on student Java bugs that students judge equal to ChatGPT and better than prompt engineering, using BLEU/ROUGE/BERTScore plus human ratings.