Standard non-thermal leptogenesis works at arbitrarily low reheating temperatures above the BBN bound when the inflaton potential has a quartic minimum (k≥4), because the inflaton's evolving mass kinematically shuts off RHN production early.
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Freeze-in at stronger coupling
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abstract
Predictivity of many non-thermal dark matter (DM) models is marred by the gravitational production background. This problem is ameliorated in models with lower reheating temperature $T_R$, which allows for dilution of gravitationally produced relics. We study the freeze-in dark matter production mechanism in the thermal bath with the electroweak scale temperature. The process is Boltzmann-suppressed if the dark matter mass is above $T_R$. In this case, the coupling to the thermal bath has to be significant to account for the observed dark matter relic density. As a result, the direct DM detection experiments already probe such freeze-in models, excluding significant parts of parameter space. The forthcoming experiments will explore this framework further, extending to lower couplings and higher reheating temperatures.
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Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
Non-supersymmetric spin-3/2 dark matter with baryon-violating portals can explain the relic abundance through UV and Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in, with viable parameter space constrained by indirect detection, direct detection, and LHC monojet searches.
Electroweak SU(2)_L doublet fermion dark matter with mass above 10^10 GeV (or 300 GeV if pseudo-Dirac) is produced by Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in above the reheat temperature and evades direct detection while never thermalizing.
Generalizes UFO to T ~ a^{-ξ} and introduces GUFO from gravitational production, extending DM mass reach to 10^7 GeV for n=2 in matter-like reheating.
Stronger couplings or inflaton-seeded initial abundance allow freeze-in dark matter to match the relic density while evading DAMIC-M and PandaX bounds for reheating temperatures below the electroweak scale.
Ultrarelativistically decoupling dark matter in Z' portal models has direct detection cross sections that existing experiments like LZ and XENONnT have already excluded over large regions, leaving testable space above the neutrino fog for 0.4 GeV to 1 TeV masses.
In a vector dark matter extension of the Higgs portal, far detectors at colliders can probe otherwise inaccessible parameter space and set novel bounds on the reheating temperature.
The 3-3-1 model with right-handed neutrinos supplies a natural sub-MeV dark matter candidate as a gravitationally massive pseudo-Goldstone boson whose relic density is set by freeze-in at low reheating temperatures.
Freeze-in at low reheating temperatures allows MeV-scale dark matter in vector portal models to be probed by future direct detection experiments in nuclear recoils for 50-500 MeV masses and via enhanced solar neutrino coherent scattering.
Gravitational scalar production yields reheating-dependent constraints on dark matter scalars, with dilution preserving viability for k<4 low-temperature reheating and factorization in multi-stage cases.
A dark U(1)_D model with dark Higgs inflation and low reheating allows dark photon dark matter to achieve the observed relic density for a wider range of couplings, with inflation predictions matching Planck, BICEP/Keck and ACT data.
In low-reheating-temperature charged-parent freeze-in dark matter models, stronger couplings are viable if both dark matter and mediator number densities are tracked, with updated LHC and lepton-flavor-violation constraints.
Low-reheating-temperature freeze-in of SU(2) vector dark matter yields three stable degenerate states and enlarges the viable parameter space relative to abelian models, with part already constrained by PandaX-4T and LZ.
Thermal corrections to reheating and freeze-in DM production rates are generally small in the computable regime but can be large in constructed counter-examples.
Variations in pre-nucleosynthesis cosmology produce distinct seasons in the phase-space distribution of freeze-in dark matter, directly affecting its warmness and mass bounds.
Dipole dark matter produced by freeze-out or freeze-in, including entropy dilution from reheating, can be probed via neutron star heating due to momentum-dependent electromagnetic interactions.
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Standard non-thermal leptogenesis works at arbitrarily low reheating temperatures above the BBN bound when the inflaton potential has a quartic minimum (k≥4), because the inflaton's evolving mass kinematically shuts off RHN production early.
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Freeze-in and ultra-relativistic freeze-out during general reheating scenarios
Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
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Decaying spin-3/2 dark matter from baryon number violation
Non-supersymmetric spin-3/2 dark matter with baryon-violating portals can explain the relic abundance through UV and Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in, with viable parameter space constrained by indirect detection, direct detection, and LHC monojet searches.
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Minimal Freeze-in Dark Matter: Reviving electroweak doublet dark matter with Boltzmann suppressed freeze-in
Electroweak SU(2)_L doublet fermion dark matter with mass above 10^10 GeV (or 300 GeV if pseudo-Dirac) is produced by Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in above the reheat temperature and evades direct detection while never thermalizing.
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Gravitational ultra-relativistic freeze-out during general reheating
Generalizes UFO to T ~ a^{-ξ} and introduces GUFO from gravitational production, extending DM mass reach to 10^7 GeV for n=2 in matter-like reheating.
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When direct detection constrains reheating temperature: freeze-in with stronger couplings and inflaton-seeded freeze-in
Stronger couplings or inflaton-seeded initial abundance allow freeze-in dark matter to match the relic density while evading DAMIC-M and PandaX bounds for reheating temperatures below the electroweak scale.
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Searching for UFOs from the early universe: direct detection prospects for relativistically decoupling dark matter
Ultrarelativistically decoupling dark matter in Z' portal models has direct detection cross sections that existing experiments like LZ and XENONnT have already excluded over large regions, leaving testable space above the neutrino fog for 0.4 GeV to 1 TeV masses.
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Can LLP detectors probe the reheating temperature? A case study of vector dark matter
In a vector dark matter extension of the Higgs portal, far detectors at colliders can probe otherwise inaccessible parameter space and set novel bounds on the reheating temperature.
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The 3-3-1 Model: a natural framework for sub-MeV dark matter
The 3-3-1 model with right-handed neutrinos supplies a natural sub-MeV dark matter candidate as a gravitationally massive pseudo-Goldstone boson whose relic density is set by freeze-in at low reheating temperatures.
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New benchmarks for direct detection of freeze-in dark matter in vector portal models
Freeze-in at low reheating temperatures allows MeV-scale dark matter in vector portal models to be probed by future direct detection experiments in nuclear recoils for 50-500 MeV masses and via enhanced solar neutrino coherent scattering.
-
Gravitational scalar production with a generic reheating scenario
Gravitational scalar production yields reheating-dependent constraints on dark matter scalars, with dilution preserving viability for k<4 low-temperature reheating and factorization in multi-stage cases.
-
Low-reheating scenario in dark Higgs inflation and its impact on dark photon dark matter production
A dark U(1)_D model with dark Higgs inflation and low reheating allows dark photon dark matter to achieve the observed relic density for a wider range of couplings, with inflation predictions matching Planck, BICEP/Keck and ACT data.
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Freeze-in at all couplings
In low-reheating-temperature charged-parent freeze-in dark matter models, stronger couplings are viable if both dark matter and mediator number densities are tracked, with updated LHC and lepton-flavor-violation constraints.
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Freeze-in $SU(2)$ vector dark matter at low reheating temperature
Low-reheating-temperature freeze-in of SU(2) vector dark matter yields three stable degenerate states and enlarges the viable parameter space relative to abelian models, with part already constrained by PandaX-4T and LZ.
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Thermal effects on Dark Matter production during cosmic reheating
Thermal corrections to reheating and freeze-in DM production rates are generally small in the computable regime but can be large in constructed counter-examples.
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Seasons of Dark Matter Freeze-In Shaped by the Weather of the Early Universe
Variations in pre-nucleosynthesis cosmology produce distinct seasons in the phase-space distribution of freeze-in dark matter, directly affecting its warmness and mass bounds.
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Neutron stars as thermometers for reheating induced dipole dark matter
Dipole dark matter produced by freeze-out or freeze-in, including entropy dilution from reheating, can be probed via neutron star heating due to momentum-dependent electromagnetic interactions.