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Kramers' law: Validity, derivations and generalisations

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abstract

Kramers' law describes the mean transition time of an overdamped Brownian particle between local minima in a potential landscape. We review different approaches that have been followed to obtain a mathematically rigorous proof of this formula. We also discuss some generalisations, and a case in which Kramers' law is not valid. This review is written for both mathematicians and theoretical physicists, and endeavours to link concepts and terminology from both fields.

years

2025 1 2019 1

verdicts

UNVERDICTED 2

representative citing papers

Global Optimization via Softmin Energy Minimization

cs.LG · 2025-09-22 · unverdicted · novelty 6.0

A stochastic gradient flow on particle swarms driven by a softmin energy approximation converges to global minima for strongly convex functions and exhibits faster hitting times between wells than overdamped Langevin dynamics.

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