The Helix Nebula is a low-density, stratified object with near-solar oxygen abundance (8.7), a ~1 dex sulfur deficit, and moderate helium/nitrogen enrichment placing it near the Type I boundary, with abundance variations attributed to ionization structure rather than chemical inhomogeneity.
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Turbulence is ubiquitous in the ionized shells of Galactic planetary nebulae, with residual velocities transonic or slightly supersonic and larger in inner regions and [WR]-type central stars.
citing papers explorer
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SDSS-V LVM: Revealing the Physical and Chemical Structure of the Helix Nebula
The Helix Nebula is a low-density, stratified object with near-solar oxygen abundance (8.7), a ~1 dex sulfur deficit, and moderate helium/nitrogen enrichment placing it near the Type I boundary, with abundance variations attributed to ionization structure rather than chemical inhomogeneity.
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The ubiquity of turbulence in the expanding kinematics of the ionized shells of Galactic planetary nebulae
Turbulence is ubiquitous in the ionized shells of Galactic planetary nebulae, with residual velocities transonic or slightly supersonic and larger in inner regions and [WR]-type central stars.