Embedded devices without radios can receive wireless commands via parasitic RF sensitivity in PCB traces and ADCs, enabling infiltration of air-gapped systems at up to 100 kbps from tens of meters.
Bridgeware: The air-gap malware,
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Malware can exfiltrate data from air-gapped computers by modulating keyboard LED lights at rates up to 3000 bits per second with light sensors or over 120 bits per second with smartphone cameras.
citing papers explorer
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Talking to the Airgap: Exploiting Radio-Less Embedded Devices as Radio Receivers
Embedded devices without radios can receive wireless commands via parasitic RF sensitivity in PCB traces and ADCs, enabling infiltration of air-gapped systems at up to 100 kbps from tens of meters.
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CTRL-ALT-LED: Leaking Data from Air-Gapped Computers via Keyboard LEDs
Malware can exfiltrate data from air-gapped computers by modulating keyboard LED lights at rates up to 3000 bits per second with light sensors or over 120 bits per second with smartphone cameras.