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Constraint violation in free evolution schemes: comparing BSSNOK with a conformal decomposition of Z4

5 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.

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abstract

We compare numerical evolutions performed with the BSSNOK formulation and a conformal decomposition of a Z4-like formulation of General Relativity. The important difference between the two formulations is that the Z4 formulation has a propagating Hamiltonian constraint, whereas BSSNOK has a zero-speed characteristic variable in the constraint subsystem. In spherical symmetry we evolve both puncture and neutron star initial data. We demonstrate that the propagating nature of the Z4 constraints leads to results that compare favorably with BSSNOK evolutions, especially when matter is present in the spacetime. From the point of view of implementation the new system is a simple modification of BSSNOK.

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2026 5

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Nucleosynthesis in the fast ejecta of a neutron star merger

astro-ph.HE · 2026-05-15 · unverdicted · novelty 5.0

Free neutrons survive r-process freeze-out in fast ejecta of neutron star mergers and their beta-decay heating produces a visible early kilonova precursor for mass fractions above ~0.05.

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