Octonions, exceptional Jordan algebra and the role of the group F₄ in particle physics

Normed division rings are reviewed in the more general framework of composition algebras that include the split (indefinite metric) case. The Jordan - von Neumann - Wigner classification of finite dimensional Jordan algebras is outlined with special attention to the 27 dimensional exceptional Jordan algebra J. The automorphism group F_4 of J and its maximal Borel - de Siebenthal subgroups are studied in detail and applied to the classification of fundamental fermions and gauge bosons. Their intersection in F_4 is demonstrated to coincide with the gauge group of the Standard Model of particle physics. The first generation's fundamental fermions form a basis of primitive idempotents in the euclidean extension of the Jordan subalgebra JSpin_9 of J.