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Evaluating Hallucinations in Chinese Large Language Models

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arxiv 2310.03368 v4 pith:QAB6K6EP submitted 2023-10-05 cs.CL

Evaluating Hallucinations in Chinese Large Language Models

classification cs.CL
keywords modelstypeschinesehallucinationshalluqalanguagelargeadversarial
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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In this paper, we establish a benchmark named HalluQA (Chinese Hallucination Question-Answering) to measure the hallucination phenomenon in Chinese large language models. HalluQA contains 450 meticulously designed adversarial questions, spanning multiple domains, and takes into account Chinese historical culture, customs, and social phenomena. During the construction of HalluQA, we consider two types of hallucinations: imitative falsehoods and factual errors, and we construct adversarial samples based on GLM-130B and ChatGPT. For evaluation, we design an automated evaluation method using GPT-4 to judge whether a model output is hallucinated. We conduct extensive experiments on 24 large language models, including ERNIE-Bot, Baichuan2, ChatGLM, Qwen, SparkDesk and etc. Out of the 24 models, 18 achieved non-hallucination rates lower than 50%. This indicates that HalluQA is highly challenging. We analyze the primary types of hallucinations in different types of models and their causes. Additionally, we discuss which types of hallucinations should be prioritized for different types of models.

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. HalluScore: Large Language Model Hallucination Question Answering Benchmark

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    HalluScore is a curated Arabic QA dataset with 827 questions, ground-truth evidence, and human annotations used to measure hallucination rates across 17 LLMs.

  2. PRISM: Probing Reasoning, Instruction, and Source Memory in LLM Hallucinations

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    PRISM benchmark disentangles LLM hallucinations into knowledge missing, knowledge errors, reasoning errors, and instruction-following errors across three generation stages, revealing trade-offs when testing 24 models.

  3. Measuring short-form factuality in large language models

    cs.CL 2024-11 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    SimpleQA is a new benchmark of short, single-answer factual questions collected adversarially against GPT-4 to evaluate LLM factuality and confidence calibration.

  4. The Cost of Knowing: A Resource-Aware Protocol for Benchmarking Hallucination Beyond Static Leaderboards

    cs.AI 2026-07 reject novelty 5.0

    MAS-HQ defines a resource-aware Q-Score and shows that the system with the highest raw factuality is often not the winner once normalized cost is subtracted.

  5. A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions

    cs.CL 2023-11 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    The paper surveys hallucination in LLMs with an innovative taxonomy, factors, detection methods, benchmarks, mitigation strategies, and open research directions.

  6. A Comprehensive Survey on Trustworthiness in Reasoning with Large Language Models

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    A structured literature survey concluding that reasoning capabilities do not automatically make LLMs more trustworthy and can introduce new vulnerabilities in safety, robustness, and privacy.

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