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JailGuard: A Universal Detection Framework for LLM Prompt-based Attacks

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arxiv 2312.10766 v4 pith:6PR5XLRB submitted 2023-12-17 cs.CR

JailGuard: A Universal Detection Framework for LLM Prompt-based Attacks

classification cs.CR
keywords attacksdetectionjailguardimageinputsprompt-basedsystemstext
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The systems and software powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-Modal LLMs (MLLMs) have played a critical role in numerous scenarios. However, current LLM systems are vulnerable to prompt-based attacks, with jailbreaking attacks enabling the LLM system to generate harmful content, while hijacking attacks manipulate the LLM system to perform attacker-desired tasks, underscoring the necessity for detection tools. Unfortunately, existing detecting approaches are usually tailored to specific attacks, resulting in poor generalization in detecting various attacks across different modalities. To address it, we propose JailGuard, a universal detection framework deployed on top of LLM systems for prompt-based attacks across text and image modalities. JailGuard operates on the principle that attacks are inherently less robust than benign ones. Specifically, JailGuard mutates untrusted inputs to generate variants and leverages the discrepancy of the variants' responses on the target model to distinguish attack samples from benign samples. We implement 18 mutators for text and image inputs and design a mutator combination policy to further improve detection generalization. The evaluation on the dataset containing 15 known attack types suggests that JailGuard achieves the best detection accuracy of 86.14%/82.90% on text and image inputs, outperforming state-of-the-art methods by 11.81%-25.73% and 12.20%-21.40%.

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Forward citations

Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Eyes-on-Me: Scalable RAG Poisoning through Transferable Attention-Steering Attractors

    cs.LG 2025-10 conditional novelty 7.0

    Eyes-on-Me makes RAG data poisoning reusable: a transferable attention-steering attractor is optimized once, then combined with different attack payloads at near-zero cost.

  2. Safe responses matter: Output-aware safety guardrail mitigate over-refusal in MLLMs

    cs.LG 2026-06 conditional novelty 6.0

    A lightweight multi-instance contrastive classifier on MLLM hidden states predicts output harmfulness, matching input-side safety while sharply lowering over-refusal.

  3. MLingualFC: Evaluating Jailbreak Vulnerabilities in Multilingual Vision-Language Models

    cs.CR 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    MLingualFC benchmark finds flowchart jailbreaks succeed at high rates for Latin-script languages but much lower rates for Punjabi in multilingual VLMs, pointing to language-dependent safety gaps.

  4. Ensemble Monitoring for AI Control: Diverse Signals Outweigh More Compute

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Diverse ensembles of prompted and fine-tuned GPT-4.1-Mini monitors achieve 2.4x better detection of flawed code solutions than homogeneous ensembles on adversarial inputs.

  5. SoK: Systematizing LLM Prompt Security: Taxonomies, Datasets, and Unified Evaluation of Attacks and Defenses

    cs.CR 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0

    A systemization of LLM jailbreak security that adds linked taxonomies, an evaluation platform, and JailbreakDB, while its main attack–defense comparison results remain deferred.

  6. PRISM: Programmatic Reasoning with Image Sequence Manipulation for LVLM Jailbreaking

    cs.CR 2025-07 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    PRISM decomposes harmful instructions into benign visual gadgets and directs LVLMs via prompts to compose them through reasoning into harmful outputs, achieving ASR over 0.90 on SafeBench.

  7. RedDiffuser: Auditing Multimodal Safety Failures in Vision-Language Models via Reinforced Diffusion

    cs.CV 2025-03 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    RedDiffuser is a reinforced diffusion framework that generates adversarial visual contexts to audit and expose widespread multimodal safety failures in VLMs, increasing unsafe response rates by up to 10.69% on LLaVA w...

  8. Jailbreak Attacks and Defenses Against Large Language Models: A Survey

    cs.CR 2024-07 accept novelty 4.0

    A survey that creates taxonomies for jailbreak attacks and defenses on LLMs, subdivides them into sub-classes, and compares evaluation approaches.

  9. Safety at Scale: A Comprehensive Survey of Large Model and Agent Safety

    cs.CR 2025-02 unverdicted novelty 2.0

    A comprehensive survey that taxonomizes safety threats to large models and agents, reviews defenses and benchmarks, and outlines open challenges.