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Hydrogen sulfide and metal-enriched atmosphere for a Jupiter-mass exoplanet

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arxiv 2407.06163 v1 pith:O67RG44Q submitted 2024-07-08 astro-ph.EP

classification astro-ph.EP
keywords sigmaatmosphericbeenformationaccretionatmospherecarbonexoplanet
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As the closest transiting hot Jupiter to Earth, HD 189733b has been the benchmark planet for atmospheric characterization. It has also been the anchor point for much of our theoretical understanding of exoplanet atmospheres from composition, chemistry, aerosols to atmospheric dynamics, escape, and modeling techniques. Prior studies of HD 189733b have detected carbon and oxygen-bearing molecules H2O and CO in the atmosphere. The presence of CO2 and CH4 has been claimed but later disputed. The inferred metallicity based on these measurements, a key parameter in tracing planet formation locations, varies from depletion to enhancement, hindered by limited wavelength coverage and precision of the observations. Here we report detections of H2O (13.4 sigma), CO2 (11.2 sigma), CO (5 sigma), and H2S (4.5 sigma) in the transmission spectrum (2.4-5 micron) of HD 189733b. With an equilibrium temperature of ~1200K, H2O, CO, and H2S are the main reservoirs for oxygen, carbon, and sulfur. Based on the measured abundances of these three major volatile elements, we infer an atmospheric metallicity of 3-5 times stellar. The upper limit on the methane abundance at 5 sigma is 0.1 ppm which indicates a low carbon-to-oxygen ratio (<0.2), suggesting formation through the accretion of water-rich icy planetesimals. The low oxygen-to-sulfur and carbon-to-sulfur ratios also support the planetesimal accretion formation pathway.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    astro-ph.EP 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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    astro-ph.EP 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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  3. Phase-dependent chemistry of WASP-43 b revealed with a suite of one-, two-, and three-dimensional models

    astro-ph.EP 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Horizontal quenching at wind speeds ≳500 m/s, plus carbon-sulfur chemistry, explains the MIRI non-detection of night-side methane on WASP-43 b without requiring high metallicity.

  4. A parameterised approach to disequilibrium retrievals in the JWST era: Application to NIRCam observations of HD 189733b

    astro-ph.EP 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A quench-pressure parameterisation with two free parameters recovers unbiased C/O and [M/H] from synthetic JWST spectra with vertical mixing, and tentatively detects quenching and photochemical H2S depletion in HD 189...

  5. The watery atmosphere of HD~209458~b revealed by joint $K$- and $L$-band high-resolution spectroscopy

    astro-ph.EP 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Joint K- and L-band KPIC spectra of HD 209458 b yield an H2O lower limit and stringent upper limits on CO, CH4, NH3, H2S, and HCN, implying C/O < 1e-3.

  6. Formation of Giant Planets

    astro-ph.EP 2025-01 unverdicted

    A comprehensive review argues that core accretion is the dominant pathway for giant planet formation, while gas disk fragmentation rarely produces planets.

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