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The Small Sizes and High Implied Densities of `Little Red Dots' with Balmer Breaks Could Explain Their Broad Emission Lines Without an AGN

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arxiv 2408.07745 v2 pith:DBW5CDQV submitted 2024-08-14 astro-ph.GA

classification astro-ph.GA
keywords galaxiesbroadbalmerbetacompactdensitiesdotslight
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abstract

Early JWST studies found an apparent population of massive, compact galaxies at redshifts $z\gtrsim7$. Recently three of these galaxies were shown to have prominent Balmer breaks, demonstrating that their light at $\lambda_{\rm rest} \sim 3500$ $\r{A}$ is dominated by a stellar population that is relatively old ($\sim$200 Myr). All three also have broad H$\beta$ emission with $\sigma > 1000 \,\rm km s^{-1}$, a common feature of such `little red dots'. From S\'ersic profile fits to the NIRCam images in F200W we find that the stellar light of galaxies is extremely compact: the galaxies have half-light radii of $r_{\rm e}\sim$ 100 pc, in the regime of ultra compact dwarfs in the nearby Universe. Their masses are uncertain, as they depend on the contribution of possible light from an AGN to the flux at $\lambda_{\rm rest}>5000$ $\r{A}$. If the AGN contribution is low beyond the Balmer break region, the masses are $M_* \sim 10^{10}-10^{11}\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$, and the central densities are higher than those of any other known galaxy population by an order of magnitude. Interestingly, the implied velocity dispersions of $\sim$1500 kms$^{-1}$ are in very good agreement with the measured H$\beta$ line widths. We suggest that some of the broad lines in `little red dots' are not due to AGNs but simply reflect the kinematics of the galaxies, and speculate that the galaxies are observed in a short-lived phase where the central densities are much higher than at later times. We stress, however, that the canonical interpretation of AGNs causing the broad H$\beta$ lines also remains viable.

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Cited by 11 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Misaligned or chaotic? A strong break of axial symmetry in the local LRD J1025 revealed with VLT/FORS2 spectropolarimetry

    astro-ph.GA 2026-07 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    The local Little Red Dot J1025 shows a 48° polarisation-angle offset between continuum and broad H-alpha, requiring broken axial symmetry.

  2. What you see is what you get: empirically measured bolometric luminosities of Little Red Dots

    astro-ph.GA 2025-09 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Directly integrating the observed spectra of two Little Red Dots shows the bolometric luminosity is dominated by rest-frame optical light, lowering implied black hole masses to about 10^5 to 10^7 solar masses.

  3. Environmental Evidence for Overly Massive Black Holes in Low Mass Galaxies and a Black Hole - Halo Mass Relation at $z \sim 5$

    astro-ph.GA 2024-12 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Faint broad-line AGN at redshift 4 to 5 appear to live in low-mass galaxies of about 50 million solar masses, implying black holes that are an order of magnitude heavier than their host stellar mass.

  4. Discovery of Multiply Ionized Iron Emission Powered by an Active Galactic Nucleus in a z~7 Little Red Dot

    astro-ph.GA 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    The z=6.68 Little Red Dot THRILS 46403 shows a 4.5 sigma [FeVII] line, the first robust coronal-line detection among z>5 LRDs, plus narrow Balmer absorption, supporting an AGN with direct sightlines to gas at or beyon...

  5. Characterizing the roles of transitory obscured phases and inner torus in shaping the fractions of obscured AGN at cosmic noon

    astro-ph.GA 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Pure evolutionary AGN light curves can only reproduce cosmic-noon obscured fractions if the visible phase is tuned by luminosity or if a long-lived torus is added; starbursts and mergers alone cannot.

  6. MEGA: Spectrophotometric SED Fitting of Little Red Dots Detected in JWST MIRI

    astro-ph.GA 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Standard AGN and star-forming templates cannot fully reproduce the SEDs of eight MIRI-detected little red dots; dense-gas models plus extra hot dust partly work but fail on UV and narrow emission lines.

  7. An upper limit of 10$^6$ M$_\odot$ in dust from ALMA observations in 60 Little Red Dots

    astro-ph.GA 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Stacking 60 little red dots in ALMA 1.3 mm data yields a 3 sigma dust mass limit near 10^6 solar masses, ten times deeper than previous limits.

  8. Another piece to the puzzle: radio detection of a JWST detected AGN candidate

    astro-ph.GA 2025-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A multi-field radio search of JWST AGN candidates yields one radio detection and stacking limits that are not yet deep enough to confirm or rule out radio-weakness.

  9. An unambiguous AGN and a Balmer break in an Ultraluminous Little Red Dot at z=4.47 from Ultradeep UNCOVER and All the Little Things Spectroscopy

    astro-ph.GA 2024-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An ultraluminous little red dot at z=4.47 shows unambiguous broad-line AGN signatures and a Balmer break that favors a massive, old, extremely dense stellar core.

  10. The BlueDOG at Cosmic Noon: A Possible Analog to Little Red Dots?

    astro-ph.GA 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A z=2.6 hyperluminous dust-obscured galaxy with an LRD-like SED hosts a ~10^10.2 Msun black hole, while the origin of its blue UV excess is left ambiguous.

  11. Little Red reionization factories

    astro-ph.GA 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    LRDs may drive cosmic reionization: tidal fields are said to funnel intergalactic hydrogen into colliding streams at LRD sites, igniting starbursts that ionize the gas.

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