pith. sign in

arxiv: 2504.02726 · v3 · submitted 2025-04-03 · ⚛️ nucl-th · hep-ph

Constraining hot and cold nuclear matter properties from heavy-ion collisions and deep-inelastic scattering

Anton Andronic , Nicolas Borghini , Xiaojian Du , Christian Klein-B\"osing , Renata Krupczak , Hendrik Roch , S\"oren Schlichting This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-22 21:29 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-th hep-ph
keywords quark-gluon plasmashear viscosity to entropy ratiodeep-inelastic scatteringheavy-ion collisionssaturation modelinitial statenuclear matter
0
0 comments X

The pith

Global analysis of HERA and LHC data determines the early-time shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of the quark-gluon plasma.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper combines deep-inelastic scattering data from electron-proton collisions at HERA with transverse energy distributions from proton-proton and proton-lead collisions and charged hadron multiplicities from lead-lead collisions at the LHC. It applies a saturation-based initial state model from high-energy QCD to extract the non-equilibrium shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of the quark-gluon plasma at early times. A reader would care because this ratio dictates the fluidity and expansion rate of the hottest matter ever created, influencing all subsequent particle production. The joint analysis provides a consistent description across cold nuclear matter effects and hot plasma transport.

Core claim

We perform a global analysis of deep-inelastic e+p scattering data from HERA and transverse energy distributions in p+p and p+Pb collisions, alongside charged hadron multiplicities in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV, using a saturation-based initial state model grounded in high-energy QCD to determine the early-time non-equilibrium shear viscosity to entropy density ratio η/s of the quark-gluon plasma.

What carries the argument

The saturation-based initial state model grounded in high-energy QCD, which unifies the description of initial-state gluon distributions and enables the determination of the plasma's transport coefficient.

If this is right

  • The early-time transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma are now directly constrained by experimental data from multiple collision types.
  • New insights emerge into the behavior of nuclear matter under extreme conditions at the start of the collision.
  • The model allows simultaneous treatment of initial-state saturation effects and subsequent viscous evolution.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Extending this method to other energies or nuclei could test the universality of the extracted viscosity ratio.
  • The result may guide refinements in hydrodynamic models that simulate the full evolution of heavy-ion collisions.

Load-bearing premise

The saturation-based initial state model grounded in high-energy QCD accurately describes the early-time dynamics across the combined deep-inelastic scattering and heavy-ion datasets without large unaccounted systematics.

What would settle it

Observation of transverse energy or multiplicity distributions in a new collision system or energy that cannot be simultaneously described by the model with the same η/s value would challenge the determination.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2504.02726 by Anton Andronic, Christian Klein-B\"osing, Hendrik Roch, Nicolas Borghini, Renata Krupczak, S\"oren Schlichting, Xiaojian Du.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Posterior distributions for the parameters [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Probability distribution of the transverse energy per [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Proportionality factor [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Effective average temperature weighted by entropy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: presents the final result for η/s in the pre￾equilibrium phase of a heavy-ion collision, extracted at the temperature obtained from the KøMPøST evolution. We compare our result (green area) with other values for η/s(T) from several other approaches [53–58]. The green area extracted from this work corresponds to a 1σ region for the minimum and maximum of the extracted η/s and ⟨Teff⟩ values. Our value of η/s… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. d [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We perform a global analysis of deep-inelastic $e+p$ scattering data from HERA and transverse energy distributions in $p+p$ and $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions, alongside charged hadron multiplicities in $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02\;\mathrm{TeV}$ from ALICE. Using a saturation-based initial state model grounded in high-energy QCD, we determine the early-time non-equilibrium shear viscosity to entropy density ratio $\eta/s$ of the quark-gluon plasma. Our results provide new insights into the early-time transport properties of nuclear matter under extreme conditions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript performs a global analysis combining deep-inelastic e+p scattering data from HERA with transverse energy distributions in p+p and p+Pb collisions and charged hadron multiplicities in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV. Using a saturation-based initial state model grounded in high-energy QCD, the authors extract the early-time non-equilibrium shear viscosity to entropy density ratio η/s of the quark-gluon plasma.

Significance. If the separation between initial-state modeling and transport is robust, the work could provide a useful bridge between cold nuclear matter constraints from DIS and early-time QGP properties in heavy-ion collisions. The QCD-grounded saturation framework is a methodological strength that could enable cross-system tests.

major comments (2)
  1. [Global fit and p+Pb results] The extraction of a single early-time η/s value rests on the saturation model (with parameters fixed primarily by HERA data) simultaneously describing the initial conditions for p+Pb transverse energy distributions; without an explicit pre-viscosity comparison showing that the same saturation parameters reproduce the p+Pb data before η/s is introduced, any fitted η/s may absorb initial-state extrapolation uncertainties rather than isolate transport (see the global fit procedure and p+Pb results).
  2. [Model description and uncertainty analysis] The central claim that the fitted η/s reflects genuine non-equilibrium early-time properties requires a quantitative assessment of system-size or energy-dependent corrections to the saturation parameters when moving from DIS to nuclear collisions; the current global fit does not appear to include such a dedicated validation step or uncertainty breakdown separating initial-state and hydrodynamic contributions.
minor comments (2)
  1. Clarify in the text and figure legends how the saturation parameters are held fixed versus allowed to vary when fitting the heavy-ion observables.
  2. [Fit methodology] Add a brief discussion of how experimental systematic uncertainties from the different datasets are combined in the global χ².

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments. We address each major comment below and indicate planned revisions to strengthen the separation between initial-state and transport effects.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Global fit and p+Pb results] The extraction of a single early-time η/s value rests on the saturation model (with parameters fixed primarily by HERA data) simultaneously describing the initial conditions for p+Pb transverse energy distributions; without an explicit pre-viscosity comparison showing that the same saturation parameters reproduce the p+Pb data before η/s is introduced, any fitted η/s may absorb initial-state extrapolation uncertainties rather than isolate transport (see the global fit procedure and p+Pb results).

    Authors: The saturation parameters are constrained primarily by HERA DIS data, with p+p collisions providing further constraints on the initial-state model before p+Pb and Pb+Pb data enter the global fit. We agree that an explicit pre-viscosity baseline for p+Pb would better demonstrate that the extracted η/s isolates transport rather than compensating for initial-state extrapolation. We will add this comparison (using HERA+p+p parameters) to the revised manuscript. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Model description and uncertainty analysis] The central claim that the fitted η/s reflects genuine non-equilibrium early-time properties requires a quantitative assessment of system-size or energy-dependent corrections to the saturation parameters when moving from DIS to nuclear collisions; the current global fit does not appear to include such a dedicated validation step or uncertainty breakdown separating initial-state and hydrodynamic contributions.

    Authors: The saturation model is constructed from high-energy QCD with the assumption of parameter universality across systems. To address the request for quantitative validation, we will add an uncertainty propagation from the HERA-constrained parameters into the heavy-ion sector and include a dedicated discussion of possible system-size corrections, showing that they remain subleading at the early times probed. This will provide an explicit breakdown of initial-state versus hydrodynamic contributions. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; global fit explicitly extracts η/s from combined datasets

full rationale

The paper describes a global analysis fitting a saturation-based initial-state model (grounded in high-energy QCD) simultaneously to HERA DIS data, p+p and p+Pb transverse energy distributions, and Pb+Pb multiplicities, with the output being the constrained value of early-time η/s. No quoted step reduces a claimed prediction or first-principles result to its own inputs by construction, nor relies on load-bearing self-citation of an unverified uniqueness theorem. The derivation chain is self-contained as a standard multi-dataset parameter extraction; the result is the fit output rather than a disguised tautology.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Central claim rests on the accuracy of the saturation initial-state model and the assumption that a single early-time η/s can be extracted from the combined datasets.

free parameters (1)
  • early-time η/s
    The ratio is the quantity being determined by the global fit to the data.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Saturation-based initial state model grounded in high-energy QCD accurately captures the early dynamics
    Invoked to model the initial state for all collision systems in the analysis.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5658 in / 1209 out tokens · 30069 ms · 2026-05-22T21:29:44.761863+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

69 extracted references · 69 canonical work pages · 35 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    However, the early-time behavior e ∝ τ −1 in KøMPøST leads to a logarithmic divergence of ⟨Teff⟩ with τ ′ 0: Indeed, e ∝ τ −1 results in τ s ∝ τ 1/4 and thus S ∝ τ −3/4

    In principle, this should coincide with the initial time τ0 = 0 .001 fm of the KøMPøST evolution. However, the early-time behavior e ∝ τ −1 in KøMPøST leads to a logarithmic divergence of ⟨Teff⟩ with τ ′ 0: Indeed, e ∝ τ −1 results in τ s ∝ τ 1/4 and thus S ∝ τ −3/4. Multiplying by T ∝ τ −1/4 yields τ S ∝ τ −1 in the integrand of the numerator of Eq. (30)...

    work page 2021

  2. [2]

    Achenbach et al., Nucl

    P. Achenbach et al., Nucl. Phys. A 1047, 122874 (2024), arXiv:2303.02579 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2024

  3. [3]

    Arslandok et al., (2023), arXiv:2303.17254 [nucl-ex]

    M. Arslandok et al., (2023), arXiv:2303.17254 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2023

  4. [4]

    Schlichting and D

    S. Schlichting and D. Teaney, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 69, 447–476 (2019)

    work page 2019

  5. [5]

    Matching the Nonequilibrium Initial Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions to Hydrodynamics with QCD Kinetic Theory

    A. Kurkela, A. Mazeliauskas, J.-F. Paquet, S. Schlicht- ing, and D. Teaney, Phys. Rev. Lett.122, 122302 (2019), arXiv:1805.01604 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  6. [6]

    Giacalone, A

    G. Giacalone, A. Mazeliauskas, and S. Schlichting, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 262301 (2019), arXiv:1908.02866 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  7. [7]

    Scattering off the Color Glass Condensate

    H. M¨ antysaari,Scattering off the Color Glass Condensate, Ph.D. thesis, Jyvaskyla U. (2015), arXiv:1506.07313 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  8. [8]

    F. D. Aaron et al. (H1, ZEUS), JHEP 01, 109 (2010), arXiv:0911.0884 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  9. [9]

    Morreale and F

    A. Morreale and F. Salazar, Universe 7, 312 (2021), arXiv:2108.08254 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  10. [10]

    Garcia-Montero and S

    O. Garcia-Montero and S. Schlichting, Eur. Phys. J. A 61, 54 (2025), arXiv:2502.09721 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2025

  11. [11]

    K. J. Golec-Biernat and M. Wusthoff, Phys. Rev. D 59, 014017 (1998), arXiv:hep-ph/9807513

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1998

  12. [12]

    K. J. Golec-Biernat and M. Wusthoff, Phys. Rev. D 60, 114023 (1999), arXiv:hep-ph/9903358

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1999

  13. [13]

    A. H. Rezaeian, M. Siddikov, M. Van de Klundert, and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. D 87, 034002 (2013), arXiv:1212.2974 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  14. [14]

    An Impact Parameter Dipole Saturation Model

    H. Kowalski and D. Teaney, Phys. Rev. D 68, 114005 (2003), arXiv:hep-ph/0304189

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2003

  15. [15]

    Intrinsic Fluctuations of the Proton Saturation Momentum Scale in High Multiplicity p+p Collisions

    L. McLerran and P. Tribedy, Nucl. Phys. A 945, 216 (2016), arXiv:1508.03292 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  16. [16]

    Universal behavior of QCD amplitudes at high energy from general tools of statistical physics

    E. Iancu, A. H. Mueller, and S. Munier, Phys. Lett. B 606, 342 (2005), arXiv:hep-ph/0410018

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2005

  17. [17]

    On the probability distribution of the stochastic saturation scale in QCD

    C. Marquet, G. Soyez, and B.-W. Xiao, Phys. Lett. B 639, 635 (2006), arXiv:hep-ph/0606233

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2006

  18. [18]

    The initial energy density of gluons produced in very high energy nuclear collisions

    A. Krasnitz and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4309 (2000), arXiv:hep-ph/9909203

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2000

  19. [19]

    Lappi, Phys

    T. Lappi, Phys. Rev. C 67, 054903 (2003), arXiv:hep- ph/0303076

    work page arXiv 2003

  20. [20]

    Fluctuating Glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions

    B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 252301 (2012), arXiv:1202.6646 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  21. [21]

    Linearly polarized gluons and axial charge fluctuations in the Glasma

    T. Lappi and S. Schlichting, Phys. Rev. D 97, 034034 (2018), arXiv:1708.08625 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  22. [22]

    J. P. Blaizot, T. Lappi, and Y. Mehtar-Tani, Nucl. Phys. A 846, 63 (2010), arXiv:1005.0955 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  23. [23]

    Schlichting and V

    S. Schlichting and V. Skokov, Phys. Lett. B 806, 135511 (2020), arXiv:1910.12496 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  24. [24]

    Event-by-event gluon multiplicity, energy density and eccentricities at RHIC and LHC

    B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. C 86, 034908 (2012), arXiv:1206.6805 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  25. [25]

    Multiplicity distributions in p+p, p+A and A+A collisions from Yang-Mills dynamics

    B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. C 89, 024901 (2014), arXiv:1311.3636 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  26. [26]

    Borghini, M

    N. Borghini, M. Borrell, N. Feld, H. Roch, S. Schlichting, and C. Werthmann, Phys. Rev. C 107, 034905 (2023), arXiv:2209.01176 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  27. [27]

    Garcia-Montero, H

    O. Garcia-Montero, H. Elfner, and S. Schlichting, Phys. Rev. C 109, 044916 (2024), arXiv:2308.11713 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2024

  28. [28]

    Acharya et al

    S. Acharya et al. (ALICE), Phys. Lett. B 845, 138110 (2023), arXiv:2211.15326 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2023

  29. [29]

    Centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

    J. Adam et al. (ALICE), Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 222302 (2016), arXiv:1512.06104 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  30. [30]

    Roshan Joseph, E

    V. Roshan Joseph, E. Gul, and S. Ba, Journal of Quality Technology 52, 343 (2020)

    work page 2020

  31. [31]

    Roshan Joseph, E

    V. Roshan Joseph, E. Gul, and S. Ba, Biometrika 102, 371 (2015)

    work page 2015

  32. [32]

    Plumlee, O

    M. Plumlee, O. S¨ urer, S. M. Wild, and M. Y.-H. Chan, surmise 0.2.1 Users Manual, Tech. Rep. Version 0.2.1 (NAISE, 2023)

    work page 2023

  33. [33]

    H. Roch, S. A. Jahan, and C. Shen, Phys. Rev. C 110, 044904 (2024), arXiv:2405.12019 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2024

  34. [34]

    Karamanis, F

    M. Karamanis, F. Beutler, J. A. Peacock, D. Nabergoj, and U. Seljak, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 516, 1644 (2022), arXiv:2207.05652 [astro-ph.IM]

    work page arXiv 2022

  35. [35]

    Karamanis, D

    M. Karamanis, D. Nabergoj, F. Beutler, J. A. Peacock, and U. Seljak, J. Open Source Softw. 7, 4634 (2022), 12 arXiv:2207.05660 [astro-ph.IM]

    work page arXiv 2022

  36. [36]

    S. A. Jahan, H. Roch, and C. Shen, Phys. Rev. C 110, 054905 (2024), arXiv:2408.00537 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2024

  37. [37]

    S. A. Jahan, H. Roch, and C. Shen, (2025), arXiv:2507.11394 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  38. [38]

    Hendrik1704/gpbayestools- hic: v1.1.0,

    H. Roch and S. A. Jahan, “Hendrik1704/gpbayestools- hic: v1.1.0,” (2024)

    work page 2024

  39. [39]

    Nucleon participants or quark participants?

    S. Eremin and S. Voloshin, Phys. Rev. C 67, 064905 (2003), arXiv:nucl-th/0302071

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2003

  40. [40]

    Glauber modeling of high-energy nuclear collisions at sub-nucleon level

    C. Loizides, Phys. Rev. C 94, 024914 (2016), arXiv:1603.07375 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  41. [41]

    Garcia-Montero, S

    O. Garcia-Montero, S. Schlichting, and J. Zhu, Phys. Rev. D 111, 076029 (2025), arXiv:2501.14872 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  42. [42]

    Hanus, A

    P. Hanus, A. Mazeliauskas, and K. Reygers, Phys. Rev. C 100, 064903 (2019), arXiv:1908.02792 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  43. [43]

    Hendrik1704/ebe-preeq- hydro-transport: v2.1,

    H. Roch and R. Krupczak, “Hendrik1704/ebe-preeq- hydro-transport: v2.1,” (2024)

    work page 2024

  44. [44]

    Effective kinetic description of event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

    A. Kurkela, A. Mazeliauskas, J.-F. Paquet, S. Schlicht- ing, and D. Teaney, Phys. Rev. C 99, 034910 (2019), arXiv:1805.00961 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  45. [45]

    Elliptic and triangular flow in event-by-event (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamics

    B. Schenke, S. Jeon, and C. Gale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 042301 (2011), arXiv:1009.3244 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2011

  46. [46]

    3+1D hydrodynamic simulation of relativistic heavy-ion collisions

    B. Schenke, S. Jeon, and C. Gale, Phys. Rev. C 82, 014903 (2010), arXiv:1004.1408 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  47. [47]

    The production of photons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

    J.-F. Paquet, C. Shen, G. S. Denicol, M. Luzum, B. Schenke, S. Jeon, and C. Gale, Phys. Rev. C 93, 044906 (2016), arXiv:1509.06738 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  48. [48]

    C. Shen, Z. Qiu, H. Song, J. Bernhard, S. Bass, and U. Heinz, Comput. Phys. Commun. 199, 61 (2016), arXiv:1409.8164 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  49. [49]

    Particle production and equilibrium properties within a new hadron transport approach for heavy-ion collisions

    J. Weil et al. (SMASH), Phys. Rev. C 94, 054905 (2016), arXiv:1606.06642 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  50. [50]

    Borghini, R

    N. Borghini, R. Krupczak, and H. Roch, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 1128 (2024), arXiv:2407.10634 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2024

  51. [51]

    smash-transport/sparkx: v2.0.0-chatelet,

    H. Roch, N. G¨ otz, N. Saß, R. Krupczak, and L. Con- stantin, “smash-transport/sparkx: v2.0.0-chatelet,” (2024)

    work page 2024

  52. [52]

    N. Sass, H. Roch, N. G¨ otz, R. Krupczak, and C. B. Rosenkvist, (2025), arXiv:2503.09415 [physics.data-an]

    work page arXiv 2025

  53. [53]

    Relating high-energy lepton-hadron, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions through geometric scaling

    N. Armesto, C. A. Salgado, and U. A. Wiedemann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 022002 (2005), arXiv:hep-ph/0407018

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2005

  54. [54]

    H. B. Meyer, Phys. Rev. D 76, 101701 (2007), arXiv:0704.1801 [hep-lat]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

  55. [55]

    H. B. Meyer, Nucl. Phys. A 830, 641C (2009), arXiv:0907.4095 [hep-lat]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  56. [56]

    S. W. Mages, S. Bors´ anyi, Z. Fodor, A. Sch¨ afer, and K. Szab´ o, PoSLATTICE2014, 232 (2015)

    work page 2015

  57. [57]

    QCD Shear Viscosity at (almost) NLO

    J. Ghiglieri, G. D. Moore, and D. Teaney, JHEP 03, 179 (2018), arXiv:1802.09535 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  58. [58]

    Yang and R

    Z. Yang and R. J. Fries, Phys. Rev. C105, 014910 (2022)

    work page 2022

  59. [59]

    Everett et al

    D. Everett et al. (JETSCAPE), Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 242301 (2021), arXiv:2010.03928 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  60. [60]

    Determining Fundamental Properties of Matter Created in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

    J. Novak, K. Novak, S. Pratt, J. Vredevoogd, C. Coleman-Smith, and R. Wolpert, Phys. Rev. C 89, 034917 (2014), arXiv:1303.5769 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  61. [61]

    J. E. Bernhard, J. S. Moreland, S. A. Bass, J. Liu, and U. Heinz, Phys. Rev. C 94, 024907 (2016), arXiv:1605.03954 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  62. [62]

    G. Nijs, W. van der Schee, U. G¨ ursoy, and R. Snellings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 202301 (2021), arXiv:2010.15130 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2021

  63. [63]

    Acharya et al

    S. Acharya et al. (ALICE), Phys. Lett. B 845, 137730 (2023), arXiv:2204.10210 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2023

  64. [64]

    Centrality dependence of $\rm \mathbf \pi$, K, p production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV

    B. Abelev et al. (ALICE), Phys. Rev. C 88, 044910 (2013), arXiv:1303.0737 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  65. [65]

    Measurement of transverse energy at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV

    J. Adam et al. (ALICE), Phys. Rev. C94, 034903 (2016), arXiv:1603.04775 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  66. [66]

    Tsallis, J

    C. Tsallis, J. Statist. Phys. 52, 479 (1988)

    work page 1988

  67. [67]

    B. I. Abelev et al. (STAR), Phys. Rev. C 75, 064901 (2007), arXiv:nucl-ex/0607033

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

  68. [68]

    Hagedorn, Riv

    R. Hagedorn, Riv. Nuovo Cim. 6N10, 1 (1983)

    work page 1983

  69. [69]

    A. A. Bylinkin and M. G. Ryskin, Phys. Rev. D 90, 017501 (2014), arXiv:1404.4739 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014