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arxiv: 2504.20992 · v2 · pith:IMWSGHOCnew · submitted 2025-04-29 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO · gr-qc

Constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity from Quaia

Giulio Fabbian , David Alonso , Kate Storey-Fisher , Thomas Cornish This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-22 18:13 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO gr-qc
keywords primordial non-Gaussianityf_NLquasarsCMB lensingangular clusteringlarge-scale structureQuaia catalogtomographic bins
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The pith

Quasar clustering combined with CMB lensing cross-correlations constrains local primordial non-Gaussianity to f_NL = -20.5^{+19.0}_{-18.1}

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper analyses the large-scale angular clustering of quasars in the Quaia catalog together with their cross-correlation to maps of CMB lensing convergence. It targets the scale-dependent bias that local-type primordial non-Gaussianity would produce on biased tracers. Using the universality relation with response parameter p_φ=1, the combined auto- and cross-correlation signals in two tomographic redshift bins produce the reported constraint on f_NL. A reader would care because this limit tests early-universe inflation models that differ in their predicted level of non-Gaussianity, and the result is presented as the tightest obtained so far from angular statistics of this kind.

Core claim

Using the universality relation to characterise the response of the quasar overdensity to PNG (p_φ=1), the combination of quasar auto-correlation and its cross-correlation with CMB lensing in two tomographic redshift bins yields f_NL = -20.5^{+19.0}_{-18.1} at 68% C.L. The same data give f_NL = -28.7^{+26.1}_{-24.6} when p_φ=1.6 is assumed instead. CMB lensing cross-correlations alone produce consistent though looser bounds of f_NL = -13.8^{+26.7}_{-25.0} and f_NL = -15.6^{+42.3}_{-34.8} for the two response values. These are stated to be the tightest constraints on f_NL from angular clustering statistics and CMB lensing cross-correlations to date.

What carries the argument

The scale-dependent bias that local primordial non-Gaussianity induces on the overdensity of biased tracers such as quasars, modelled through the universality relation with fixed response parameter p_φ

If this is right

  • Including cross-correlations between the two tomographic redshift bins would further reduce the uncertainty on f_NL.
  • CMB lensing cross-correlations by themselves already produce constraints consistent with the full combination but with larger errors.
  • The same methodology applied to other large-volume tracers would be expected to deliver comparable or tighter limits on local PNG.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Repeating the analysis on independent quasar samples at similar redshifts would test whether the central value of f_NL shifts when different selection effects are present.
  • If the response parameter p_φ itself varies with quasar luminosity or redshift, the central value of f_NL would move while the error bars might remain similar.
  • Joint analysis with bispectrum measurements from the CMB could reveal whether the clustering and three-point statistics favour the same value of f_NL.

Load-bearing premise

The main potential sources of systematic contamination in the Quaia sample can be mapped out and their impact mitigated sufficiently to trust the large-scale clustering signal.

What would settle it

A future measurement that finds the large-scale quasar clustering amplitude or its cross-correlation with CMB lensing to differ from the modelled PNG response after all known systematics have been subtracted would invalidate the reported f_NL bounds.

read the original abstract

We analyse the large-scale angular clustering of quasars in the \gaia-\unwise quasar catalog, \quaia, and their cross-correlation with maps of the lensing convergence of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), to constrain the level of primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG). Specifically, we target the scale-dependent bias that would be induced by PNG on biased tracers of the matter inhomogeneities on large scales. The \quaia sample is particularly well suited for this analysis, given the large effective volume covered, and our ability to map out the main potential sources of systematic contamination and mitigate their impact. Using the universality relation to characterise the response of the quasar overdensity to PNG ($p_\phi=1$), we report constraints on the local-type PNG parameter $f_{\rm NL}$ of $f_{\rm NL} =-20.5^{+19.0}_{-18.1}$ (68\% C.L.) by combining the quasar auto-correlation and its cross-correlation with CMB lensing in two tomographic redshift bins (or $f_{\rm NL} =-28.7^{+26.1}_{-24.6}$ if assuming a lower response for quasars, $p_\phi=1.6$). The error on $f_{\rm NL}$ can be further improved if the cross-correlation between the tomographic redshift bins is included. Using the CMB lensing cross-correlations alone, we find $f_{\rm NL} =-13.8^{+26.7}_{-25.0}$ and $f_{\rm NL} = -15.6^{+42.3}_{-34.8}$ for $p_\phi=1$ and $p_\phi=1.6$ respectively. These are the tightest constraints on $f_{\rm NL}$ to date from angular clustering statistics and cross-correlations with CMB lensing.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript analyzes the large-scale angular clustering of quasars in the Gaia-unWISE Quaia catalog and their cross-correlation with CMB lensing convergence maps to constrain local-type primordial non-Gaussianity. Using two tomographic redshift bins and the universality relation with p_φ=1 (or 1.6), the authors report f_NL = -20.5^{+19.0}_{-18.1} (68% C.L.) from the combination of quasar auto-correlation and CMB-lensing cross-correlation, with additional results from cross-correlations alone and when including inter-bin correlations; they claim these are the tightest constraints on f_NL from angular clustering statistics and CMB lensing cross-correlations to date.

Significance. If the reported constraints hold after rigorous validation, the result provides competitive limits on f_NL that can help discriminate among single-field and multi-field inflationary scenarios. The large effective volume of the Quaia sample and the use of cross-correlations with CMB lensing to reduce certain systematics are positive aspects. The work also explores the sensitivity to the response parameter p_φ, which is a useful check.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and associated methods description] The central claim that the observed large-scale angular power spectra are driven by PNG-induced scale-dependent bias rather than residuals rests on the assertion that main systematics (stellar contamination, dust extinction, selection effects) have been mapped and mitigated. However, without explicit quantification of residual contamination levels in the lowest multipoles of the two tomographic bins (or null tests demonstrating that any residual 1/k^2-like signature is sub-dominant to the statistical uncertainty), the reliability of the combined f_NL = -20.5^{+19.0}_{-18.1} constraint cannot be fully assessed.
  2. [Results section describing the combined constraints] The covariance estimation between the quasar auto-power spectra and the cross-power spectra with CMB lensing, as well as between the two tomographic redshift bins, is not described in sufficient detail to verify that the reported error bars on f_NL properly account for correlations; this directly affects the robustness of the combined constraint and the claim that including inter-bin cross-correlations further improves the error.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the error on f_NL can be further improved if the cross-correlation between the tomographic redshift bins is included, but the quantitative improvement and the corresponding constraint value are not provided; adding this would strengthen the presentation.
  2. [Introduction or methods] Notation for the response parameter is given as p_φ in the abstract but should be consistently defined with its physical meaning (e.g., relating to the universality relation for the quasar bias response) at first use in the main text.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of our manuscript and for the constructive comments. We address each major comment below and indicate the revisions we will make to improve the presentation and robustness of the analysis.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and associated methods description] The central claim that the observed large-scale angular power spectra are driven by PNG-induced scale-dependent bias rather than residuals rests on the assertion that main systematics (stellar contamination, dust extinction, selection effects) have been mapped and mitigated. However, without explicit quantification of residual contamination levels in the lowest multipoles of the two tomographic bins (or null tests demonstrating that any residual 1/k^2-like signature is sub-dominant to the statistical uncertainty), the reliability of the combined f_NL = -20.5^{+19.0}_{-18.1} constraint cannot be fully assessed.

    Authors: We agree that explicit quantification of residual contamination is important for validating the f_NL constraints. The manuscript already describes the mapping and mitigation of stellar contamination, dust extinction, and selection effects (Sections 3 and 4), including the construction of masks and weighting schemes based on Gaia and unWISE data. However, we acknowledge that the presentation would benefit from additional explicit numbers for residual levels at the lowest multipoles (ℓ ≲ 10) in each tomographic bin and from dedicated null tests isolating any residual scale-dependent signature. We will revise the text and add a new subsection (or appendix) presenting these quantifications and null-test results, confirming that any residual 1/k^2-like contamination remains sub-dominant to the statistical uncertainty. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results section describing the combined constraints] The covariance estimation between the quasar auto-power spectra and the cross-power spectra with CMB lensing, as well as between the two tomographic redshift bins, is not described in sufficient detail to verify that the reported error bars on f_NL properly account for correlations; this directly affects the robustness of the combined constraint and the claim that including inter-bin cross-correlations further improves the error.

    Authors: We thank the referee for noting the need for greater detail on the covariance. The covariance matrix is constructed from a hybrid approach combining analytical Gaussian terms with mock-based estimates that explicitly include the cross-covariance between auto- and cross-spectra as well as inter-bin correlations (Section 5.2). To address the comment, we will expand this section with a more complete description of the mock generation, the block structure of the covariance matrix, and validation tests (e.g., comparison with jackknife estimates). This will make clear how the reported uncertainties on f_NL incorporate all relevant correlations and why the inclusion of inter-bin cross-correlations tightens the constraints. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity in derivation of f_NL constraints from Quaia clustering

full rationale

The paper obtains f_NL constraints by fitting the observed large-scale angular auto- and cross-power spectra (quasar auto-correlation plus CMB lensing cross-correlation in two tomographic bins) to a theoretical model that includes the PNG-induced scale-dependent bias term. The universality relation (with p_φ=1 or 1.6) is invoked as a standard external theoretical input to translate the bias response into f_NL; it is not defined in terms of the present data or result. No equation reduces the reported constraint to a fitted parameter by construction, no load-bearing step relies on a self-citation chain for uniqueness, and the central result remains a direct data-driven likelihood fit rather than a renaming or tautological re-expression of inputs. The derivation is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The analysis rests on standard cosmological modeling of PNG effects on biased tracers and the assumption that systematics in the Quaia sample are controllable; no new entities are postulated.

free parameters (1)
  • p_phi
    Response of quasar overdensity to PNG, set to 1 via universality relation or alternatively to 1.6; not fitted from the current data but chosen as modeling assumption.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Universality relation characterizing the response of quasar overdensity to primordial non-Gaussianity
    Invoked to set p_phi=1 for the main constraint.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5878 in / 1460 out tokens · 109333 ms · 2026-05-22T18:13:31.315309+00:00 · methodology

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Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Euclid preparation: Testing multi-field inflation with galaxy power spectrum and bispectrum

    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 conditional novelty 5.0

    Validates redshift-space power spectrum and bispectrum analysis on Abacus-PNG mocks to recover unbiased f_NL constraints for Euclid spectroscopic sample.

  2. Constraining primordial non-Gaussianity from DESI DR1 quasars and Planck PR4 CMB Lensing

    astro-ph.CO 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Cross-correlation of DESI DR1 quasars with Planck PR4 CMB lensing constrains local f_NL to 2^{+28}_{-34} (p=1.6) or 6^{+20}_{-24} (p=1.0), tightening previous limits by 35%.

  3. New constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity from large-scale cross-correlations of CMB lensing and the cosmic infrared background

    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Dust-cleaned CIB and CMB lensing cross-correlations yield f_NL^local = 43 ± 23, tightening constraints on local primordial non-Gaussianity.

  4. Tracing the high-z cosmic web with Quaia: catalogues of voids and clusters in the quasar distribution

    astro-ph.CO 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Using 708,483 quasars at 0.8<z<2.2 from Quaia, the authors identify 12,842 voids and 41,111 clusters whose radii, densities and profiles agree with 50 mock catalogues to within 5-10%, with no ultra-large structures ex...

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