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SCAR: Shapley Credit Assignment for More Efficient RLHF

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arxiv 2505.20417 v1 pith:ZW7LRDGO submitted 2025-05-26 cs.AI

classification cs.AI
keywords rewardscarcreditassignmentrlhfdensehumanshapley
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a widely used technique for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences, yet it often suffers from sparse reward signals, making effective credit assignment challenging. In typical setups, the reward model provides a single scalar score for an entire generated sequence, offering little insight into which token or span-level decisions were responsible for the outcome. To address this, we propose Shapley Credit Assignment Rewards (SCAR), a novel method that leverages Shapley values in cooperative game theory. SCAR distributes the total sequence-level reward among constituent tokens or text spans based on their principled marginal contributions. This creates dense reward signals, crucially, without necessitating the training of auxiliary critique models or recourse to fine-grained human annotations at intermediate generation stages. Unlike prior dense reward methods, SCAR offers a game-theoretic foundation for fair credit attribution. Theoretically, we demonstrate that SCAR preserves the original optimal policy, and empirically, across diverse tasks including sentiment control, text summarization, and instruction tuning, we show that SCAR converges significantly faster and achieves higher final reward scores compared to standard RLHF and attention-based dense reward baselines. Our findings suggest that SCAR provides a more effective and theoretically sound method for credit assignment in RLHF, leading to more efficient alignment of LLMs.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. ARCA: Adapter-Residual Credit Assignment When Token Signals Degenerate

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    ARCA assigns token credit in LoRA-based LLM RL from the norm of adapter-induced hidden state changes, yielding non-degenerate distributions and competitive performance on MATH tasks with Qwen3-1.7B under GRPO.

  2. Element-Aware Group Learning for E-Commerce Image Generation

    cs.CV 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    EAGLE-GRPO uses kernel ridge regression to split GRPO image rewards across structured prompt elements, and reports better e-commerce image generation results than standard GRPO.

  3. S2T-RLHF: Hierarchical Credit Assignment for Stable Preference-Based RLHF

    cs.AI 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    S2T-RLHF splits each response-level RLHF reward into sentence shares and then token shares, via bargaining and Dirichlet weighting, yielding steadier training with competitive preference alignment.

  4. When RL Fails after SFT: Rejuvenating Model Plasticity for Robust SFT-to-RL Handoff

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Excessive SFT reduces LLM plasticity for RL; Rejuvenation restores it via base-anchored fusion and targeted neuron resets, yielding better RL performance and OOD generalization.

  5. From Reasoning to Agentic: Credit Assignment in Reinforcement Learning for Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A survey of credit assignment techniques in LLM reinforcement learning that distinguishes maturing methods for reasoning from new approaches needed for agentic settings and provides supporting resources.

  6. Who Gets the Reward & Who Gets the Blame? Evaluation-Aligned Training Signals for Multi-LLM Agents

    cs.MA 2025-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A game-theoretic framework converts global success/failure evaluations of multi-LLM agents into signed, credit-conserving per-message training signals.

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