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arxiv 2508.07827 v1 pith:7SNY5KZC submitted 2025-08-11 cs.CL

Evaluating Large Language Models as Expert Annotators

classification cs.CL
keywords llmsmodelsannotatorsdomainsannotationannotationsexperthuman
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Textual data annotation, the process of labeling or tagging text with relevant information, is typically costly, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential as direct alternatives to human annotators for general domains natural language processing (NLP) tasks, their effectiveness on annotation tasks in domains requiring expert knowledge remains underexplored. In this paper, we investigate: whether top-performing LLMs, which might be perceived as having expert-level proficiency in academic and professional benchmarks, can serve as direct alternatives to human expert annotators? To this end, we evaluate both individual LLMs and multi-agent approaches across three highly specialized domains: finance, biomedicine, and law. Specifically, we propose a multi-agent discussion framework to simulate a group of human annotators, where LLMs are tasked to engage in discussions by considering others' annotations and justifications before finalizing their labels. Additionally, we incorporate reasoning models (e.g., o3-mini) to enable a more comprehensive comparison. Our empirical results reveal that: (1) Individual LLMs equipped with inference-time techniques (e.g., chain-of-thought (CoT), self-consistency) show only marginal or even negative performance gains, contrary to prior literature suggesting their broad effectiveness. (2) Overall, reasoning models do not demonstrate statistically significant improvements over non-reasoning models in most settings. This suggests that extended long CoT provides relatively limited benefits for data annotation in specialized domains. (3) Certain model behaviors emerge in the multi-agent discussion environment. For instance, Claude 3.7 Sonnet with thinking rarely changes its initial annotations, even when other agents provide correct annotations or valid reasoning.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

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    Agentic-imodels evolves scikit-learn regressors via an autoresearch loop to jointly boost predictive performance and LLM-simulatability, improving downstream agentic data science tasks by up to 73% on the BLADE benchmark.

  2. Double Triangle Annotation: A Scalable Human-in-the-Loop Framework for High-Precision Historical Document Annotation

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    Double Triangle Annotation uses parallel MLLM consensus in two layers to reach WER 0.003 on 1887-1906 French medical directories while auto-accepting 85% of 13,595 fields via model agreement.