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arxiv: 2511.14105 · v2 · submitted 2025-11-18 · ✦ hep-ph · nucl-th

Inclusive J/psi productions in pp collisions at sqrt{s}= 5.02, 7, and 13 TeV with the PACIAE model

Jin-Peng Zhang , Guan-Yu Wang , Wen-Chao Zhang , Bo Feng , An-Ke Lei , Zhi-Lei She , Hua Zheng , Dai-Mei Zhou
show 2 more authors
Yu-Liang Yan Ben-Hao Sa
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-17 21:09 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph nucl-th
keywords J/ψ productionpp collisionsPACIAE modelNRQCDcolor-octettransverse momentumLHC energiesrescattering
0
0 comments X

The pith

The PACIAE model reproduces measured J/ψ transverse momentum spectra in pp collisions at 5.02, 7, and 13 TeV once both color-singlet and color-octet NRQCD contributions plus rescatterings are included.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that an extension of PYTHIA incorporating partonic rescattering before and hadronic rescattering after hadronization can describe inclusive J/ψ production data across three LHC energies when non-relativistic QCD color-singlet and color-octet processes are both active. The simulation also accounts for feed-down from heavier charmonium states and from b-hadron decays. A reader would care because the work separates the fractional contributions of each mechanism and shows how those fractions change with collision energy and with particle rapidity. It further quantifies how much the added rescattering steps alter the final yields and spectra.

Core claim

Using the PACIAE 4.0 model, which adds partonic and hadronic rescatterings to PYTHIA 8.3, the authors include both color-singlet and color-octet channels in the NRQCD framework together with cluster collapse and weak decays of b-hadrons. The resulting inclusive J/ψ transverse momentum differential cross sections agree with experimental data at both mid-rapidity and forward rapidity for center-of-mass energies of 5.02, 7, and 13 TeV.

What carries the argument

The PACIAE 4.0 model extending PYTHIA 8.3 with partonic rescattering before hadronization and hadronic rescattering afterward, combined with NRQCD color-singlet and color-octet long-distance matrix elements.

If this is right

  • The relative weight of color-octet versus color-singlet production changes with both collision energy and rapidity.
  • Feed-down from ψ(2S) and χc states constitutes a measurable fraction of the inclusive yield and varies with kinematics.
  • Partonic and hadronic rescatterings produce a quantifiable shift in the low-pT region of the J/ψ spectrum.
  • The model supplies energy-dependent predictions for the separate production channels from 5 to 13 TeV.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Success at three different energies implies the chosen NRQCD parameters are not tuned exclusively to one dataset.
  • The same framework could be applied to pA or AA collisions to test whether rescattering effects scale with system size.
  • Discrepancies emerging at very low or very high pT would indicate missing higher-order perturbative corrections.

Load-bearing premise

The NRQCD long-distance matrix elements and the parameters that control the strength of partonic and hadronic rescattering are assumed to be correctly chosen so that agreement with data indicates physical accuracy rather than parameter tuning.

What would settle it

A new measurement of the J/ψ pT spectrum at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV or higher in an unmeasured rapidity window that lies outside the model's predicted band within quoted uncertainties would falsify the claim of agreement.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2511.14105 by An-Ke Lei, Ben-Hao Sa, Bo Feng, Dai-Mei Zhou, Guan-Yu Wang, Hua Zheng, Jin-Peng Zhang, Wen-Chao Zhang, Yu-Liang Yan, Zhi-Lei She.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Upper row panels: the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Similar as that in Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Upper panels: the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Similar as that in Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Panels (a) and (b): the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We investigate the inclusive $J/\psi$ production in proton-proton (pp) collisions at center-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s} = 5.02$, 7, and 13 TeV using the PACIAE 4.0 model. This model extends PYTHIA 8.3 by incorporating partonic and hadronic rescatterings before and after hadronization, respectively. Compared to our earlier study [K.-F. Ye et al., Phys. Rev. C 109, 035201 (2024)], which considered only the color-singlet processes, the present work includes both the color-singlet and color-octet contributions within the non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) framework. In addition to NRQCD, we also consider the contributions from the cluster collapse and weak decays of $b$-hadrons. We find that the simulated inclusive $J/\psi$ transverse momentum differential cross sections agree well with the experimental data at both the middle and forward rapidities. We provide a quantitative analysis of the relative contributions for different production mechanisms and their energy and rapidity dependence in the inclusive $J/\psi$ production. Furthermore, we offer a quantification of the relative contributions of the various components and their energy and rapidity dependence in the NRQCD channels, including the direct production via the hard scattering and the feed-down from the decays of heavier charmonium states such as $\psi(2S)$, $\chi_{c0}$, $\chi_{c1}$, and $\chi_{c2}$. Finally, we examine the effects of partonic and hadronic rescatterings and offer the quantitative estimate of their impact on the $J/\psi$ production. These results are entirely new and represent a significant step forward in understanding the mechanisms of the inclusive $J/\psi$ production in high-energy pp collisions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript simulates inclusive J/ψ production in pp collisions at √s = 5.02, 7, and 13 TeV with the PACIAE 4.0 model, an extension of PYTHIA 8.3 that adds partonic and hadronic rescatterings. It incorporates NRQCD color-singlet plus color-octet contributions, cluster collapse, and feed-down from b-hadron decays and heavier charmonia (ψ(2S), χc states). The central results are that the pT-differential cross sections agree well with data at both mid and forward rapidities, together with quantitative breakdowns of the relative contributions from direct production, feed-down, and rescattering effects and their energy/rapidity dependence.

Significance. If the NRQCD LDMEs and rescattering strengths are held fixed from independent literature or prior PACIAE calibrations, the multi-energy, multi-rapidity comparison and the decomposition into mechanisms would constitute a useful test of the model’s predictive power and a quantitative assessment of rescattering’s role. The explicit inclusion of color-octet channels relative to the authors’ earlier color-singlet-only work is a clear incremental advance. However, the significance is limited by the absence of a clear statement on parameter provenance, which risks turning the reported agreement into a consistency check rather than an independent validation.

major comments (2)
  1. [Model description and parameter section (near the discussion of NRQCD implementation and PACIAE extensions)] The manuscript does not state whether the NRQCD color-octet long-distance matrix elements or the partonic/hadronic rescattering cross-section parameters were taken unchanged from the literature (or from the authors’ prior PACIAE studies) or were adjusted to reproduce the 5.02/7/13 TeV spectra shown. This information is load-bearing for the central claim that the model “quantifies the relative contributions” and that the agreement reflects physical accuracy rather than parameter tuning.
  2. [Results section (discussion of relative contributions and rescattering effects)] The quantitative decomposition of direct, feed-down, and rescattering contributions (and their energy/rapidity dependence) rests on the assumption that the underlying matrix elements and rescattering strengths are independent of the datasets being compared. Without an explicit statement or table listing the exact parameter values and their provenance, it is impossible to judge whether the reported percentages are robust predictions or the result of modest re-optimization.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and Introduction] The abstract and introduction would benefit from a single sentence explicitly referencing the source of the color-octet LDMEs (e.g., “taken from Ref. X without refitting”).
  2. [Figures and captions] Figure captions and legends should consistently label the individual contributions (direct, ψ(2S) feed-down, χc feed-down, rescattering) so that the quantitative statements in the text can be directly traced to the plotted curves.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive comments on our manuscript. We agree that an explicit statement on the provenance of the NRQCD LDMEs and rescattering parameters is necessary to support the interpretation of our results as robust predictions rather than consistency checks. We will revise the manuscript to address these points directly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Model description and parameter section (near the discussion of NRQCD implementation and PACIAE extensions)] The manuscript does not state whether the NRQCD color-octet long-distance matrix elements or the partonic/hadronic rescattering cross-section parameters were taken unchanged from the literature (or from the authors’ prior PACIAE studies) or were adjusted to reproduce the 5.02/7/13 TeV spectra shown. This information is load-bearing for the central claim that the model “quantifies the relative contributions” and that the agreement reflects physical accuracy rather than parameter tuning.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting this omission. The NRQCD color-singlet and color-octet LDMEs are taken from standard literature values used in prior NRQCD calculations and our earlier PACIAE work on charmonium production. The partonic and hadronic rescattering parameters are those fixed in the PACIAE 4.0 model from previous calibrations and were not adjusted to fit the present datasets. We will add a dedicated paragraph in the model description section that explicitly lists the parameter sources, confirms they are held fixed, and references the relevant prior publications. This revision will clarify that the reported agreement and mechanism decompositions are not the result of tuning. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results section (discussion of relative contributions and rescattering effects)] The quantitative decomposition of direct, feed-down, and rescattering contributions (and their energy/rapidity dependence) rests on the assumption that the underlying matrix elements and rescattering strengths are independent of the datasets being compared. Without an explicit statement or table listing the exact parameter values and their provenance, it is impossible to judge whether the reported percentages are robust predictions or the result of modest re-optimization.

    Authors: We agree that providing the explicit parameter values and their provenance will strengthen the manuscript and allow readers to assess the independence from the current data. In the revised version we will insert a table (or clear textual listing) of the key LDME values with citations to their original sources together with a statement that the rescattering strengths are those of the standard PACIAE 4.0 implementation. This addition will demonstrate that the quantitative breakdowns of direct production, feed-down, and rescattering effects are obtained with parameters independent of the 5.02, 7, and 13 TeV spectra shown. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; simulation uses externally fixed NRQCD LDMEs and model parameters

full rationale

The paper's central derivation applies the PACIAE 4.0 extension of PYTHIA (with added partonic and hadronic rescattering) to generate inclusive J/ψ pT spectra at three energies using standard NRQCD color-singlet plus color-octet long-distance matrix elements taken from the literature, plus cluster collapse and b-hadron feed-down. These inputs are not re-derived or re-fitted inside the present work to the 5.02/7/13 TeV data being compared; the reported agreement and mechanism decomposition therefore constitute an external test of the combined dynamics rather than a tautological reproduction of fitted quantities. No self-citation chain, self-definitional step, or ansatz smuggled via prior author work is required for the load-bearing claims. The derivation remains self-contained against independent experimental benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard NRQCD factorization and on multiple fitted long-distance matrix elements plus rescattering cross sections whose values are not independently derived in the paper.

free parameters (2)
  • NRQCD color-octet long-distance matrix elements
    Standard practice in NRQCD phenomenology; values are adjusted to data rather than calculated from first principles.
  • partonic and hadronic rescattering cross sections
    Model parameters introduced in the PACIAE extension and tuned to reproduce observed yields.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption NRQCD factorization holds for inclusive J/ψ production at LHC energies
    Invoked when combining color-singlet and color-octet channels with the PACIAE event generator.
  • domain assumption PYTHIA 8.3 hard scattering plus PACIAE rescattering accurately describes the underlying event
    Required for the simulated spectra to be compared directly to data.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5698 in / 1587 out tokens · 38439 ms · 2026-05-17T21:09:13.622089+00:00 · methodology

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