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arxiv: 2604.16292 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-17 · 🪐 quant-ph

Fast, High-Fidelity Erasure Detection of Dual-Rail Qubits with Symmetrically Coupled Readout

Jimmy Shih-Chun Hung , Arbel Haim , Mouktik Raha , Gihwan Kim , Ziwen Huang , Ming-Han Chou , Mitch D'Ewart , Erik Davis
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Anurag Mishra Patricio Arrangoiz Arriola Amirhossein Khalajhedayati David Hover Fernando G.S.L. Brand\~ao Aashish A. Clerk Alex Retzker Harry Levine Oskar Painter
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 08:30 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph
keywords erasureerrordetectiondual-railtimesreadoutcheckcorrection
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The pith

Symmetrically coupled dispersive readout achieves 384 ns single-shot erasure detection on dual-rail qubits with 6.0(2)×10^{-4} residual error per check and enables parallel erasure checks during single-qubit gates with median 7.2×10^{-5} error per gate.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Dual-rail qubits encode information in the presence or absence of an excitation across two transmons, making them naturally good at flagging erasure errors where the qubit loses its state. The work uses one shared readout resonator that couples equally to both transmons. This symmetric coupling lets the resonator sense when an erasure has occurred without disturbing the logical states much. They perform the check in 384 nanoseconds and measure a small leftover error of about 0.0006 per check, plus very little extra dephasing. They also run the readout continuously while applying gates and still keep gate errors low. The matched coupling strength is key because it keeps the two logical states looking identical to the resonator, so the check does not leak information about the qubit state itself.

Core claim

We realize erasure detection with a hardware-efficient circuit consisting of a single readout resonator dispersively and symmetrically coupled to both transmons of a dual-rail qubit... achieving a residual error per check of 6.0(2) × 10^{-4}, with only 8(3) × 10^{-5} induced dephasing per check, and an erasure error per check of 2.54(1)×10^{-2}. ... median 7.2 × 10^{-5} error per gate with < 1 × 10^{-5} error induced by erasure detection.

Load-bearing premise

The assumption that the dispersive couplings χ to the two transmons can be matched closely enough inside the dual-rail code space that the resonator does not distinguish the logical states and therefore adds negligible dephasing or leakage during the check or during concurrent gates.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.16292 by Aashish A. Clerk, Alex Retzker, Amirhossein Khalajhedayati, Anurag Mishra, Arbel Haim, David Hover, Erik Davis, Fernando G.S.L. Brand\~ao, Gihwan Kim, Harry Levine, Jimmy Shih-Chun Hung, Ming-Han Chou, Mitch D'Ewart, Mouktik Raha, Oskar Painter, Patricio Arrangoiz Arriola, Ziwen Huang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: (c), (d)). The dispersive shift χDR can be nonlinear with respect to nr,DR [13] which is more apparent near χ￾matched point. As such, we fit ∆DR(nr,DR) to a degree￾2 polynomial 2χDRnr,DR + 2χ ′ DRn 2 r,DR and report the linear coefficient χDR which is most relevant to the small￾number-of-photon regime of our calibrated readout where nr,DR ∼ 1. At the near χ-matched point at 4.5 GHz, we find χDR/2π = −0.7(5… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_9.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Erasure qubits are a promising platform for implementing hardware-efficient quantum error correction. Realizing the error-correction advantages of this encoding requires frequent mid-circuit erasure checks that are fast, high-fidelity, and scalable. Here, we realize erasure detection with a hardware-efficient circuit consisting of a single readout resonator dispersively and symmetrically coupled to both transmons of a dual-rail qubit. We use this circuit to demonstrate single-shot erasure detection in 384 ns with minimal impact on the dual-rail logical manifold, achieving a residual error per check of $6.0(2) \times 10^{-4}$, with only $8(3) \times 10^{-5}$ induced dephasing per check, and an erasure error per check of $2.54(1)\times 10^{-2}$. The high degree of matched dispersive readout coupling ($\chi$-matching) within the dual-rail qubit code space also allows us to realize a new modality: time-continuous erasure detection performed in parallel with single-qubit gates. Here we achieve a median $7.2 \times 10^{-5}$ error per gate with $< 1 \times 10^{-5}$ error induced by erasure detection. This demonstrates a reduction in erasure detection overhead as well as a crucial ingredient for soft information quantum error correction. Together, these results establish symmetrically coupled dispersive readout as a fast, hardware-efficient, and scalable component for erasure-based quantum error correction using transmon dual-rail qubits.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript demonstrates a hardware-efficient erasure detection protocol for dual-rail qubits that uses a single readout resonator dispersively and symmetrically coupled to both transmons. It reports single-shot erasure detection in 384 ns with residual error per check of 6.0(2)×10^{-4}, induced dephasing of 8(3)×10^{-5}, and erasure error of 2.54(1)×10^{-2}, plus a continuous-detection modality performed in parallel with single-qubit gates that yields median gate error 7.2×10^{-5} with <1×10^{-5} added by the check.

Significance. If the reported performance is confirmed, the work is significant for erasure-based quantum error correction. It supplies a concrete, low-overhead experimental implementation that reduces mid-circuit check cost and enables concurrent soft-information readout, both of which are recognized bottlenecks for scaling erasure codes on transmon hardware. The numerical benchmarks with uncertainties provide a clear reference point for the community.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and experimental results] The central performance claims (induced dephasing 8(3)×10^{-5} per check and <1×10^{-5} during concurrent gates) rest on the assumption that the dispersive couplings satisfy |χ₁ − χ₂| small enough that the resonator cannot distinguish the logical states |01⟩ and |10⟩ inside the dual-rail code space. The manuscript provides no direct measurement or bound on the residual detuning, no quantification of higher-order terms (χ^{(2)}, cross-Kerr), and no verification that the matching is preserved throughout the 384 ns pulse or under simultaneous single-qubit drives. This is load-bearing for the claim of negligible logical dephasing.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Methods] Clarify in the methods how χ-matching was calibrated and whether it was achieved by design or post-selection; include the raw resonator spectroscopy data that bounds |χ₁ − χ₂|.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of the manuscript's significance for erasure-based quantum error correction and for the constructive major comment. We address the concern point by point below, providing the strongest honest defense based on the reported measurements while agreeing to strengthen the presentation where appropriate.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and experimental results] The central performance claims (induced dephasing 8(3)×10^{-5} per check and <1×10^{-5} during concurrent gates) rest on the assumption that the dispersive couplings satisfy |χ₁ − χ₂| small enough that the resonator cannot distinguish the logical states |01⟩ and |10⟩ inside the dual-rail code space. The manuscript provides no direct measurement or bound on the residual detuning, no quantification of higher-order terms (χ^{(2)}, cross-Kerr), and no verification that the matching is preserved throughout the 384 ns pulse or under simultaneous single-qubit drives. This is load-bearing for the claim of negligible logical dephasing.

    Authors: The measured induced dephasing of 8(3)×10^{-5} per check directly bounds the effective mismatch |χ₁ − χ₂|, as any appreciable detuning would produce observable dephasing within the code space at a rate set by the difference in dispersive shifts; the reported value is therefore an experimental upper limit on the logical dephasing contribution. We agree that an explicit, independent bound obtained from separate measurements of χ₁ and χ₂ (and their difference) is not presented and would strengthen the manuscript. Higher-order terms (χ^{(2)}, cross-Kerr) are not quantified in the current text; given the short 384 ns readout duration and the low observed erasure error of 2.54(1)×10^{-2}, their contribution is expected to be subdominant, but we will add device-parameter estimates in revision. Preservation of matching throughout the pulse is supported by the overall single-shot fidelity, while the concurrent-gate experiment (median gate error 7.2×10^{-5} with <1×10^{-5} added by the check) directly verifies that the symmetry holds under simultaneous single-qubit drives. We will revise the manuscript to include these additional bounds and clarifications. revision: partial

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on the experimental realization of χ-matching and on standard dispersive readout physics; no new mathematical axioms or invented particles are introduced. The only free parameters are the measured error rates themselves, which are outputs rather than inputs to the claim.

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