pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.25017 · v1 · pith:JQLJV7QEnew · submitted 2026-06-23 · 🌌 astro-ph.IM

Low-frequency VLBI with the SKA-Low

R. Timmerman , E. L. Escott , T. Vernstrom , L. K. Morabito , C. Reynolds This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-25 22:29 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.IM
keywords SKA-LowVLBIlow-frequency radio astronomymegametre baselinesLAMBDAradio interferometrypulsar astrometryfast radio bursts
0
0 comments X

The pith

LAMBDA will extend SKA-Low baselines to megameters to enable high-resolution low-frequency VLBI observations.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces the LAMBDA project as a set of additional SKA-Low-like stations placed across Australia. These stations increase the maximum baseline length from the current SKA-Low scale to megameters, producing finer angular resolution between 50 and 350 MHz. The project simultaneously tests whether such an extension is technically feasible, characterises SKA-Low performance inside a VLBI network, and validates the calibration methods needed for the longer baselines. If successful, the combined array opens resolved imaging and astrometric measurements in several previously inaccessible science domains.

Core claim

Construction of LAMBDA stations throughout Australia will extend SKA-Low baselines to the megametre scale, allowing the array to perform VLBI at 50-350 MHz while also serving as an early testbed for calibration strategies and performance characterisation of SKA-Low in a long-baseline network.

What carries the argument

The Low-frequency Australian Megametre-Baseline Demonstrator Array (LAMBDA), consisting of several SKA-Low-like stations that supply the additional long baselines required for VLBI.

If this is right

  • SKA-Low gains access to angular resolutions finer than the several-arcsecond baseline design.
  • Resolved low-frequency imaging becomes possible for exoplanets, AGN, young stellar objects and supernova remnants.
  • Pulsar astrometry, scintillometry, gravitational lensing and FRB localisation gain new observational modes.
  • Calibration techniques required for any future megametre extension of SKA-Low can be validated in advance.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If LAMBDA meets performance targets, the same station design could be replicated at other longitudes to create a global low-frequency VLBI network.
  • Early LAMBDA data would provide direct measurements of ionospheric and instrumental stability over megametre distances at these frequencies.
  • The project could serve as a template for adding long baselines to other existing or planned low-frequency arrays.

Load-bearing premise

The new LAMBDA stations can be built, operated and calibrated to the same technical standard as the core SKA-Low stations so that the combined array delivers the expected resolution and sensitivity.

What would settle it

A test observation in which the effective angular resolution or image sensitivity achieved with the LAMBDA stations falls significantly below the values predicted from the baseline lengths and station sensitivities alone.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.25017 by C. Reynolds, E. L. Escott, L. K. Morabito, R. Timmerman, T. Vernstrom.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the LAMBDA backend following the signal path from left to right, showing the main components: the receivers, filter, switch and cruncher (adapted from Reynolds et al., 2024). The LAMBDA backend is designed to be highly flexible in order to both be able to form an extension to the SKA-Low for VLBI purposes, but also for a wide variety of other use cases (see the schematic in [PITH_FULL… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Illustration of how the image fidelity depends on LAMBDA’s uv-coverage in combination with the SKA-Low. The left-most panel shows the model image. In the upper row, the SKA-Low divided up into four sub-arrays, while in the bottom row, the SKA-Low is included as a single station. In the middle column, the uv-coverage in both configurations is shown, with the resulting image shown on the right. We note no we… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) will provide unprecedented observational capabilities, revolutionizing radio astronomy in the next decade. Of particular interest for many science areas is the low-frequency component: the SKA-Low. This array, operating at frequencies between 50 and 350 MHz, will be able to observe the Southern hemisphere with an angular resolution of several arcseconds. However, many science cases demand finer angular resolutions than the current design baseline for the SKA-Low. In this chapter, we present the Low-frequency Australian Megametre-Baseline Demonstrator Array (LAMBDA) project: the construction of a several SKA-Low-like stations throughout Australia which can be employed to extend the SKA-Low's baselines to the scale of megameters. This allows LAMBDA to not only probe the scientific opportunities accessible at higher angular resolutions, but also prove the feasibility of a potential extension of the SKA-Low to such baselines. Finally, LAMBDA also serves to characterize the performance of the SKA-Low as part of a Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) network and by providing an early testbed for the calibration strategies which would be required. With LAMBDA, the SKA-Low will be able to make a major impact in many science areas, including but not limited to exoplanets, resolved active galactic nuclei (AGN), young stellar objects and supernova remnants, pulsar astrometry and scintillometry, gravitational lensing and fast radio bursts (FRBs).

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes the Low-frequency Australian Megametre-Baseline Demonstrator Array (LAMBDA) project, which would construct several SKA-Low-like stations across Australia to extend SKA-Low baselines to megameter scales. This extension is intended to enable low-frequency (50-350 MHz) VLBI with higher angular resolution than the current SKA-Low design, explore new science opportunities, demonstrate the feasibility of a potential SKA-Low extension, and serve as a testbed for VLBI calibration strategies. The authors assert that LAMBDA would allow major scientific impact in areas including exoplanets, resolved AGN, young stellar objects, supernova remnants, pulsar astrometry and scintillometry, gravitational lensing, and FRBs.

Significance. If the technical premise holds, LAMBDA could meaningfully expand the parameter space for low-frequency VLBI with SKA-Low and provide a practical pathfinder for array extensions. The proposal identifies a coherent set of high-impact science cases that would benefit from megameter baselines at these frequencies. No machine-checked proofs, reproducible code, or parameter-free derivations are present, as expected for a project proposal.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the headline claim that LAMBDA enables major impact across the listed science cases is load-bearing on the untested premise that the additional stations can deliver phase stability and sensitivity matching the SKA-Low core over ~1000 km baselines at 50-350 MHz; no error budget, ionospheric simulation, station design parameters, or calibration algorithm sketch is supplied to support this.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive review and recommendation of major revision. We address the single major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the headline claim that LAMBDA enables major impact across the listed science cases is load-bearing on the untested premise that the additional stations can deliver phase stability and sensitivity matching the SKA-Low core over ~1000 km baselines at 50-350 MHz; no error budget, ionospheric simulation, station design parameters, or calibration algorithm sketch is supplied to support this.

    Authors: We agree that the abstract's assertion of major scientific impact rests on the technical premise of achieving comparable phase stability and sensitivity over megameter baselines, and that the manuscript provides no quantitative error budget, ionospheric simulations, station parameters, or calibration details to support it. This manuscript is framed as a high-level science case and project proposal rather than a technical design study; the detailed feasibility analyses cited by the referee are therefore absent by design. We will revise the abstract to qualify the headline claims (e.g., by stating that major impact is contingent on successful demonstration of the required performance). We will also insert a short paragraph in the introduction acknowledging the ionospheric and calibration challenges at 50-350 MHz over ~1000 km baselines and noting that these are the subject of separate ongoing modeling efforts. These changes constitute a partial revision; a full technical error budget and simulations lie outside the present scope and will be addressed in follow-up work. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: descriptive proposal with no derivations or fitted predictions

full rationale

The paper is a project proposal for the LAMBDA array extension. It contains no equations, parameters, derivations, or quantitative predictions that could reduce to inputs by construction. All claims about scientific impact and VLBI performance are explicitly conditional on future construction, operation, and calibration success, with no self-referential loops or self-citation load-bearing steps. This matches the default expectation of no significant circularity for non-derivational papers.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on untested assumptions about technical integration and performance of new stations; no free parameters or invented physical entities are introduced.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Additional stations can be built and operated similarly to SKA-Low stations with compatible performance and calibration.
    Invoked throughout the description of LAMBDA feasibility and VLBI capability.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5819 in / 1221 out tokens · 26021 ms · 2026-06-25T22:29:38.888059+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

90 extracted references · 15 canonical work pages · 5 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    2019 , eprint=

    Anticipated Performance of the Square Kilometre Array -- Phase 1 (SKA1) , author=. 2019 , eprint=

    2019

  2. [2]

    2015 , publisher=

    Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (AASKA14) , author=. 2015 , publisher=

    2015

  3. [3]

    Van Haarlem, M. P. and M. W. Wise and A. W. Gunst and. A&A , fjournal =. 2013 , volume =

    2013

  4. [4]

    T. W. Shimwell and H. J. A. R. A&A , fjournal =. 2017 , volume =

    2017

  5. [5]

    T. W. Shimwell and C. Tasse and M. J. Hardcastle and. A&A , fjournal =. 2019 , volume =

    2019

  6. [6]

    T. W. Shimwell and M. J. Hardcastle and C. Tasse and. A&A , fjournal =. 2022 , volume =

    2022

  7. [7]

    , keywords =

    Compact steep-spectrum and peaked-spectrum radio sources. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w , archivePrefix =. 2009.02750 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w 2009

  8. [8]

    The realm of the galaxy protoclusters

    The realm of the galaxy protoclusters. A review. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s00159-016-0100-3 , archivePrefix =. 1610.05201 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s00159-016-0100-3

  9. [9]

    , keywords =

    Collimated synchrotron threads linking the radio lobes of ESO 137-006. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037800 , archivePrefix =. 2004.03203 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037800 2004

  10. [10]

    , keywords =

    Intracluster Magnetic Filaments and an Encounter with a Radio Jet. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c76 , archivePrefix =. 2206.14319 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c76

  11. [11]

    American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#237 , year = 2021, series =

    Sub-kpc Magnetic Field Fluctuations around Cygnus A. American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts \#237 , year = 2021, series =

    2021

  12. [12]

    Nature Astronomy , keywords =

    Event Horizon Telescope observations of the jet launching and collimation in Centaurus A. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01417-w , archivePrefix =. 2111.03356 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01417-w

  13. [13]

    and Fermi-LAT

    The -ray spectrum of the core of Centaurus A as observed with H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832640 , archivePrefix =. 1807.07375 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832640

  14. [14]

    , keywords =

    Deep Chandra observations of Pictor A. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2553 , archivePrefix =. 1510.08392 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2553

  15. [15]

    , keywords =

    Short and long time-scales variability of the H double-peaked profile of Pictor A. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae694 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1093/mnras/stae694

  16. [16]

    , keywords =

    A spectropolarimetric study of the radio galaxy Pictor A using MeerKAT. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae598 , archivePrefix =. 2402.17647 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1093/mnras/stae598

  17. [17]

    , keywords =

    X-Ray Polarimetric Observations of the Western Hotspot of Pictor A. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adcdfe , adsurl =

    doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adcdfe 2041

  18. [18]

    , keywords =

    Characterization of the Western Pictor A Hotspot in Hard X-Rays with NuSTAR. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5d6d , archivePrefix =. 2402.06218 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5d6d

  19. [19]

    , keywords =

    Chandra X-Ray Observations of Pictor A: High-Energy Cosmic Rays in a Radio Galaxy. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/318412 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0008467 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/318412

  20. [20]

    Overall structure and star formation rates

    A multifrequency radio continuum study of the Magellanic Clouds - I. Overall structure and star formation rates. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1960 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1960

  21. [21]

    , keywords =

    Supernova remnants on the outskirts of the Large Magellanic Cloud. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452178 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452178

  22. [22]

    , keywords =

    The 1.28 GHz MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449a , archivePrefix =. 2201.10541 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449a

  23. [23]

    , keywords =

    Detection of Sagittarius A* at 330 MHz with the Very Large Array. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/381885 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0312219 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/381885

  24. [24]

    Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy , keywords =

    The many faces of pulsars the case of PSR B0833-45. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s12036-018-9544-3 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1007/s12036-018-9544-3

  25. [25]

    Universe , keywords =

    Pulsar Glitches: A Review. Universe , keywords =. doi:10.3390/universe8120641 , archivePrefix =. 2211.13885 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.3390/universe8120641

  26. [26]

    , keywords =

    The Variable Jet of the Vela Pulsar. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/375531 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0305510 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/375531

  27. [27]

    , keywords =

    Radio jets from young stellar objects. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0107-z , archivePrefix =. 1806.06444 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0107-z

  28. [28]

    GMRT detections of low mass young stars at 323 and 608 MHz

    GMRT detections of low-mass young stars at 323 and 608 MHz. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw708 , archivePrefix =. 1603.06836 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stw708

  29. [29]

    Science , keywords =

    A Magnetized Jet from a Massive Protostar. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.1195589 , archivePrefix =. 1011.6254 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1126/science.1195589

  30. [30]

    On the Origin of the Cosmic Radiation , author =. Phys. Rev. , volume =. 1949 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.1169 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrev.75.1169 1949

  31. [31]

    , keywords =

    New supernova remnant candidates in the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450492 , archivePrefix =. 2408.14605 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450492

  32. [32]

    , keywords =

    Possible discovery of Calvera's supernova remnant. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244369 , archivePrefix =. 2207.14141 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244369

  33. [33]

    Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae

    Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101737 , archivePrefix =. 0908.0700 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101737

  34. [34]

    Effects of plasma on gravitational lensing

    Effects of plasma on gravitational lensing. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2043 , archivePrefix =. 1310.5825 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2043

  35. [35]

    , keywords =

    Essentials of Strong Gravitational Lensing. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01041-w , archivePrefix =. 2401.04165 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01041-w

  36. [36]

    , keywords =

    The VLA Frontier Fields Survey: Deep, High-resolution Radio Imaging of the MACS Lensing Clusters at 3 and 6 GHz. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abdf61 , archivePrefix =. 2103.07806 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abdf61

  37. [37]

    , keywords =

    High-resolution imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope: Observations of the gravitational lenses MG 0751+2716 and CLASS B1600+434. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141227 , archivePrefix =. 2108.07293 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141227

  38. [38]

    , keywords =

    Radio imaging of gravitationally lensed radio-quiet quasars. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae916 , archivePrefix =. 2403.19357 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stae916

  39. [39]

    Fast Radio Bursts

    Fast radio bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0116-6 , archivePrefix =. 1904.07947 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0116-6 1904

  40. [40]

    , keywords =

    The discovery and significance of fast radio bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10509-024-04322-6 , archivePrefix =. 2405.19106 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1007/s10509-024-04322-6

  41. [41]

    Universe , keywords =

    The Low Frequency Perspective on Fast Radio Bursts. Universe , keywords =. doi:10.3390/universe8010009 , archivePrefix =. 2203.04890 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.3390/universe8010009

  42. [42]

    Sub-arcsecond imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope. I. Foundational calibration strategy and pipeline. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140649 , archivePrefix =. 2108.07283 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140649

  43. [43]

    , keywords =

    LBCS: The LOFAR Long-Baseline Calibrator Survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629016 , archivePrefix =. 1608.02133 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629016

  44. [44]

    Sub-arcsecond imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope. II. Completion of the LOFAR Long-Baseline Calibrator Survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140756 , archivePrefix =. 2108.07284 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140756

  45. [45]

    Hampson and Wan Cheng and D

    Grant A. Hampson and Wan Cheng and D. Humphrey and John D. Bunton and Paul Roberts and Keith Bengston and Ron Beresford and Yuqing Chen , title =. 8th International VLBI Technology Workshop , year =

  46. [46]

    14th European VLBI Network Symposium and Users Meeting (EVN 2018) , year =

    Cimò, Giuseppe and others , title =. 14th European VLBI Network Symposium and Users Meeting (EVN 2018) , year =

    2018

  47. [47]

    , keywords =

    The Murchison Widefield Array: The Square Kilometre Array Precursor at Low Radio Frequencies. , keywords =. doi:10.1017/pasa.2012.007 , archivePrefix =. 1206.6945 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1017/pasa.2012.007 2012

  48. [48]

    system description

    Australian square kilometre array pathfinder: I. system description. , keywords =. doi:10.1017/pasa.2021.1 , archivePrefix =. 2102.01870 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1017/pasa.2021.1 2021

  49. [49]

    Z-Spec: a broadband millimeter-wave grating spectrometer: design, construction, and first cryogenic measurements , year = 2004, editor =

    The South Pole Telescope. Z-Spec: a broadband millimeter-wave grating spectrometer: design, construction, and first cryogenic measurements , year = 2004, editor =. doi:10.1117/12.552473 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0411122 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1117/12.552473 2004

  50. [50]

    2018 , volume =

    JLTP , fjournal =. 2018 , volume =

    2018

  51. [51]

    , keywords =

    The Simons Observatory: science goals and forecasts. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/056 , archivePrefix =. 1808.07445 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/056 2019

  52. [52]

    , keywords =

    LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c , archivePrefix =. 0805.2366 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c

  53. [53]

    The Messenger , year = 2007, month = mar, volume =

    The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). The Messenger , year = 2007, month = mar, volume =

    2007

  54. [54]

    Nature Astronomy , keywords =

    Radio signatures of star-planet interactions, exoplanets and space weather. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02405-6 , archivePrefix =. 2409.15507 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02405-6

  55. [55]

    , keywords =

    Spectral ageing in the lobes of cluster-centre FR II radio galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2194 , archivePrefix =. 1509.06757 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2194

  56. [56]

    , keywords =

    Spectral ageing in the lobes of FR-II radio galaxies: new methods of analysis for broad-band radio data. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1526 , archivePrefix =. 1308.4137 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1526

  57. [57]

    , keywords =

    Spectral ageing in the era of big data: integrated versus resolved models. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3318 , archivePrefix =. 1612.04390 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3318

  58. [58]

    IEEE Proceedings , keywords =

    The Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array. IEEE Proceedings , keywords =. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2009.2020572 , archivePrefix =. 0904.3739 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1109/jproc.2009.2020572 2009

  59. [59]

    Galaxies , keywords =

    Overview of the Observing System and Initial Scientific Accomplishments of the East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN). Galaxies , keywords =. doi:10.3390/galaxies10060113 , archivePrefix =. 2212.07040 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.3390/galaxies10060113

  60. [60]

    , keywords =

    Radio Sources in the NCP Region Observed with the 21 Centimeter Array. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/832/2/190 , archivePrefix =. 1602.06624 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/190

  61. [61]

    International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =

    The Five-Hundred Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (fast) Project. International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =. doi:10.1142/S0218271811019335 , archivePrefix =. 1105.3794 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1142/s0218271811019335

  62. [62]

    Proceedings of the 16th EVN Symposium , year = 2024, editor =

    LAMBDA - a Low-frequency Australian Megametre Baseline Demonstrator Array. Proceedings of the 16th EVN Symposium , year = 2024, editor =

    2024

  63. [63]

    , keywords =

    A decade of sub-arcsecond imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10509-025-04406-x , archivePrefix =. 2502.06946 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1007/s10509-025-04406-x

  64. [64]

    Science China Physics, Mechanics, and Astronomy , keywords =

    The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder array: System functions and basic performance analysis. Science China Physics, Mechanics, and Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11433-020-1594-8 , archivePrefix =. 2006.05605 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1007/s11433-020-1594-8 2006

  65. [65]

    Sun and Geosphere , keywords =

    New Interplanetary Scintillation Array in China for Space Weather. Sun and Geosphere , keywords =. doi:10.31401/SunGeo.2018.02.05 , adsurl =

    doi:10.31401/sungeo.2018.02.05 2018

  66. [66]

    Current Science , year = 2017, month = aug, volume =

    The upgraded GMRT: opening new windows on the radio Universe. Current Science , year = 2017, month = aug, volume =. doi:10.18520/cs/v113/i04/707-714 , adsurl =

    doi:10.18520/cs/v113/i04/707-714 2017

  67. [67]

    Nature Physical Science , year = 1971, month = apr, volume =

    Large Steerable Radio Telescope at Ootacamund, India. Nature Physical Science , year = 1971, month = apr, volume =. doi:10.1038/physci230185a0 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1038/physci230185a0 1971

  68. [68]

    Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy , keywords =

    The Ooty Wide Field Array. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s12036-017-9430-4 , archivePrefix =. 1703.00621 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s12036-017-9430-4

  69. [69]

    Current Science , year = 1991, month = jan, volume =

    The Giant Metre-Wave Radio Telescope. Current Science , year = 1991, month = jan, volume =

    1991

  70. [70]

    , keywords =

    IPRT/AMATERAS: A New Metric Spectrum Observation System for Solar Radio Bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9919-y , adsurl =

    doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9919-y

  71. [71]

    , keywords =

    HALCA's Onboard VLBI Observing System. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/pasj/52.6.967 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1093/pasj/52.6.967

  72. [72]

    , keywords =

    Early Science with the Korean VLBI Network: Evaluation of System Performance. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/77 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/77

  73. [73]

    and Sasao, T

    Kobayashi, H. and Sasao, T. and Kawaguchi, N. and Manabe, S. and Omodaka, T. and Kameya, O.and Shibata, K. M. and Miyaji, T. and Honma, M. and Tamura, Y. and Hirota, S. T. and Kuji, S. and Horiai, K. and Sakai, S. and Sato, K. and Iwadate, K. and Kanya, Y. and Ujihara, H. and Jike, T. and Fujii, T. and Oyama, T. and Kurayama, H. and Suda, H. and Sakakibar...

  74. [74]

    , keywords =

    VLBI observations of bright AGN jets with the KVN and VERA Array (KaVA): Evaluation of imaging capability. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/pasj/psu104 , archivePrefix =. 1406.4356 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/pasj/psu104

  75. [75]

    Proceedings of the 8th European VLBI Network Symposium , year = 2006, editor =

    Japanese VLBI Network. Proceedings of the 8th European VLBI Network Symposium , year = 2006, editor =. doi:10.22323/1.036.0071 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0612528 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.22323/1.036.0071 2006

  76. [76]

    , keywords =

    BURSTT: Bustling Universe Radio Survey Telescope in Taiwan. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac8f71 , archivePrefix =. 2206.08983 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac8f71

  77. [77]

    Technosignature searches with VLBI

    Kim,. Technosignature searches with VLBI

  78. [78]

    Galaxies , keywords =

    Observational Tests of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback: An Overview of Approaches and Interpretation. Galaxies , keywords =. doi:10.3390/galaxies12020017 , archivePrefix =. 2404.08050 , primaryClass =

    doi:10.3390/galaxies12020017

  79. [79]

    Science , keywords =

    A Bright Millisecond Radio Burst of Extragalactic Origin. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.1147532 , archivePrefix =. 0709.4301 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1126/science.1147532

  80. [80]

    Kavanagh and author2 and author3 and author4 and author5 ,title =

    Robert D. Kavanagh and author2 and author3 and author4 and author5 ,title =. 2026 ,publisher =

    2026

Showing first 80 references.