pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.30200 · v1 · pith:ONO56EVHnew · submitted 2026-06-29 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO

Cosmology with Intensity Mapping via Statistics Beyond the Power Spectrum in the SKAO Era

Suman Majumdar , Debanjan Sarkar , Leon Noble , Manas Mohit Dosibhatla , Zhaoting Chen , Bernhard Vos-Gin\'es , Vishrut Pandya , Mohd Kamran
show 33 more authors
Sourav Pal Chandra Shekhar Murmu Cora Uhlemann Pauline Gorbatchev Jean-Luc Starck Jos\'e Luis Bernal Marta Spinelli Caroline S. Heneka Matteo Viel Gabriella De Lucia Fabio Fontanot Stefano Camera Steve Cunnington Benedetta Spina Dionysis Karagiannis Samit Kumar Pal Anshuman Tripathi Sarah Libanore Abinash Kumar Shaw Rajesh Mondal Yashrajsinh Mahida Yashar Akrami Philip Bull Chris Clarkson Abhirup Datta Jos\'e Fonseca Yin-Zhe Ma Roy Maartens Liantsoa F. Randrianjanahary Martin Sahlen Xin Wang Yougang Wang Jochen Weller
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-30 05:13 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO
keywords 21-cm intensity mappinghigher-order statisticsSKAOnon-GaussianitybispectrumMinkowski functionalscosmology
0
0 comments X

The pith

Future SKAO observations will measure higher-order 21-cm statistics to break parameter degeneracies.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The neutral hydrogen distribution in the post-reionization universe is non-Gaussian owing to nonlinear structure formation and galaxy biasing. Standard two-point statistics therefore miss part of the cosmological information contained in 21-cm intensity maps. This paper examines a suite of higher-order measures, from the bispectrum and probability density functions to morphological descriptors such as Minkowski functionals. It provides forecasts for their detection in upcoming SKAO surveys, taking into account instrumental noise, observational effects, and foreground removal. If the forecasts are accurate, these additional statistics will help separate astrophysical from cosmological signals and increase the overall constraining power of intensity mapping.

Core claim

The central claim is that several higher-order statistics applied to 21-cm intensity maps remain detectable with the sensitivity of the future Square Kilometre Array Observatory, even after realistic noise and foreground cleaning, thereby allowing tighter constraints on cosmological and astrophysical parameters.

What carries the argument

Higher-order statistics including the bispectrum, marked statistics, voxel intensity distributions, and Minkowski functionals applied to 21-cm intensity maps.

If this is right

  • These statistics will be measured more precisely than before.
  • Degeneracies between astrophysical and cosmological parameters can be reduced.
  • The total scientific return from SKAO intensity mapping surveys will increase.
  • Forecasts already include instrumental noise and foreground effects in some cases.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar higher-order analyses could be applied to data from other radio telescopes.
  • Constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity might improve as a byproduct.
  • New computational methods will likely be required to compute these statistics on large maps.

Load-bearing premise

Higher-order statistics remain measurable and informative after realistic instrumental noise, observational effects, and foreground removal are included.

What would settle it

A detailed simulation in which the forecasted signal-to-noise ratios for the bispectrum or Minkowski functionals drop below detection thresholds once full noise and foreground models are applied.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.30200 by Abhirup Datta, Abinash Kumar Shaw, Anshuman Tripathi, Benedetta Spina, Bernhard Vos-Gin\'es, Caroline S. Heneka, Chandra Shekhar Murmu, Chris Clarkson, Cora Uhlemann, Debanjan Sarkar, Dionysis Karagiannis, Fabio Fontanot, Gabriella De Lucia, Jean-Luc Starck, Jochen Weller, Jos\'e Fonseca, Jos\'e Luis Bernal, Leon Noble, Liantsoa F. Randrianjanahary, Manas Mohit Dosibhatla, Marta Spinelli, Martin Sahlen, Matteo Viel, Mohd Kamran, Pauline Gorbatchev, Philip Bull, Rajesh Mondal, Roy Maartens, Samit Kumar Pal, Sarah Libanore, Sourav Pal, Stefano Camera, Steve Cunnington, Suman Majumdar, Vishrut Pandya, Xin Wang, Yashar Akrami, Yashrajsinh Mahida, Yin-Zhe Ma, Yougang Wang, Zhaoting Chen.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Illustration of the iterative coarse-graining scheme used for percolation analysis. The four panels show the same slice of a field without coarse-graining (first from left) and after 2, 4, and 6 iterations in order. On each iteration, the cells sharing a face with a bright cell are marked as bright. The fields are binary, with the dark cells marked by zeros and the bright cells by ones. 2.5.2 Local Dimensi… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Left: Normalized HI PDF including telescope beam and foreground removal systematics, cal￾culated for smoothing scales 𝑅 = 15.5, 24.8, 31.0 Mpc/ℎ. Dashed lines do not include thermal noise, and solid lines include thermal noise. 1 − 𝜎 errors are represented as shaded contours. Right: (Ω𝑀, 𝜎8) Fisher forecast for SKA-Mid HI IM survey considering 𝑧 ∼ 1.1 − 1.5 and 𝑓sky = 0.3. We show 1𝜎 and 2𝜎 contours of the… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The forecast for the emission line stacking using single dish HI intensity mapping with SKA-Mid at 𝑧 ∼ 1.1 − 1.5. The blue solid line shows the expected HI signal. The outer orange shaded region shows the expected 3𝜎 noise level, whereas the inner region shows the 1𝜎 noise level. lower 𝑧. Among the ℓ = 2 quadrupoles, 𝑄 0 2 is strongest for linear and stretched triangles (𝜇 → 1, 𝑡 ≲ 0.8) and becomes suppres… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Heatmaps of the reduced bispectrum multipoles of the HI density contrast in the (𝜇, 𝑡)-plane. The dimensionless reduced bispectrum multipoles are defined as 𝑄 𝑚 ℓ = 𝐵 𝑚 ℓ /𝐵 𝑟 HI, where 𝐵 𝑚 ℓ denotes the redshift￾space bispectrum multipoles including the FoG effect, and 𝐵 𝑟 HI represents the real-space HI bispectrum. The results are shown for 𝑘1 = 0.1 ℎMpc−1 at redshift 𝑧 = 2. The redshift-space bispectrum… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Right: 21-cm bispectrum for all unique 𝑘 − triangles for 𝑘1 = 0.61Mpc−1 at 𝑧 = 0.99. Left: The signal-to-ratio of 21-cm bispectrum for all unique 𝑘 − triangles for 300 hours of observation per pointing with SKA-Mid. 𝑧 = 2, the thermal-noise power is 𝑃𝑁 (𝑘, 𝜇) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑇 2 sys 𝑟 2 (𝑧) 𝑡𝑘 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜈 , (18) where 𝑡𝑘 is the effective integration time per mode. The bispectrum multipoles are then estimated as weighted su… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) maps of the bispectrum multipoles up to (ℓ, 𝑚) = (4, 1) in the (𝜇, 𝑡)- plane. The SNR is computed for 𝑘1 = 0.1 ℎ Mpc−1 at redshift 𝑧 = 2. For the 𝐵 0 ℓ multipoles with ℓ = 0, 2, 4, the SNR for SKA-Mid peaks at 𝜇 → 1 and 0.6 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 0.85. The 𝐵 1 2 and 𝐵 1 4 multipoles exhibit maximum SNR near the linear triangle configurations (i.e., 𝜇 → 1, 0.75 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 0.95), while the 𝐵 2 2 multip… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The dimensionless power spectrum of the matter (left panel), the H i (middle panel), and the H i with density values 𝜌/𝜌 <¯ 3.0 (right panel). The distribution is smoothed for a fixed radius of 𝑅 = 280 kpc. The power spectra are demonstrated as a function of 𝑘-mode at five different redshifts in the range 𝑧 ∼ 1–5. The shaded regions in each panel represent ±1𝜎 spread around the mean value at 𝑧 = 3. is poss… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Comparing the signal strength, at different 𝑘-modes, against the corresponding noise levels using marked statistics designed to boost the signal strength at redshift 𝑧 = 1 with the standard signal power spectrum. Left panel: The dimensionless HI power spectrum and mark power spectrum of the signal fluctuation and noise. Right panel: The dimensionless HI power spectrum and marked field power spectrum of the… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Left: ℓ1-norm of the starlet coefficients as a function of the bin threshold for five decomposition scales of the HI intensity map. Right: Posterior distributions for Ωc and 10−9 𝐴s inferred with simulation￾based inference (SBI). The green contours and curves correspond to the power spectrum 𝐶ℓ , and the purple ones to the Starlet ℓ1-norm. Contours indicate the 68% and 95% confidence regions. The inference… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Left: Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of the 21-cm brightness temperature fluctuations at spatial resolution 𝛿𝑥 ≃ 1 Mpc in the overlapping redshift range where SKA-Mid and SKA Phase 2 can observe the 21-cm and CO(1-0) LIM signals, respectively. The noise estimates are made assuming Gaussian random thermal noise for 5000 hours per pointing of SKA-Mid observations. The black dashed line corresponds to 𝑧 = 1.41… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Distribution of local dimensions of classifiable cells out of 105 randomly sampled bright cells in the galaxy density (top) and 𝑇21cm (bottom) maps simulated with galaxy positions in redshift space. The 𝐷 values are binned into intervals of size 0.5. The different curves correspond to different length scales specified by the 𝑅min and 𝑅max values. The vertical 1𝜎 error bars denote standard deviation in 𝑃(𝐷… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The cosmological distribution of neutral hydrogen (HI) during the post-reionization era is highly non-Gaussian due to the underlying non-linear structure formation, complex galaxy biasing, and potential primordial non-Gaussianity. One needs higher-order (beyond two-point) statistics to maximally extract the non-Gaussian information out of the 21-cm intensity maps. This chapter summarizes the potential of several higher-order statistics, including voxel intensity distribution, emission line stacking, probability density functions, $\ell_1$-norm, bispectrum, and various marked statistics. Additionally, image-based morphological descriptors, such as the Largest Cluster Statistic, local dimensions, and Minkowski functionals, etc., can potentially characterize the morphology and geometry of the cosmic web encoded in the 21-cm intensity maps. This chapter presents forecasts of the detectability of these higher-order statistics in the context of the future SKAO observations. These forecasts incorporate instrumental noise, observational effects, and, in some cases, foreground removal in their analyses. With its unprecedented sensitivity, the future SKAO 21-cm observations will enable us to measure these higher-order statistics more precisely, possibly helping to break degeneracies between astrophysical and cosmological parameters, and maximizing the science outcome from these surveys.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The paper reviews several higher-order (beyond power spectrum) statistics—including voxel intensity distribution, emission-line stacking, PDFs, ℓ1-norm, bispectrum, marked statistics, Largest Cluster Statistic, local dimensions, and Minkowski functionals—for extracting non-Gaussian information from post-reionization 21-cm intensity maps. It presents SKAO forecasts for their detectability that incorporate instrumental noise and observational effects, and in some cases foreground removal, concluding that SKAO’s sensitivity will enable precise measurements that can break degeneracies between astrophysical and cosmological parameters.

Significance. If the forecasts are robust, the work demonstrates that non-Gaussian statistics can substantially increase the scientific return from SKAO 21-cm surveys by accessing information inaccessible to two-point statistics alone, with potential to tighten constraints on both cosmology and HI astrophysics.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim that SKAO observations 'will enable us to measure these higher-order statistics more precisely' rests on forecasts that 'incorporate instrumental noise, observational effects, and, in some cases, foreground removal.' Because foregrounds are the dominant systematic in 21-cm intensity mapping, the manuscript must explicitly identify which statistics and which survey configurations include realistic foreground cleaning (and which do not) and demonstrate that detectability and degeneracy-breaking power survive when foreground removal is performed; without this, the headline claim is not uniformly supported.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough review and constructive feedback. We address the single major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim that SKAO observations 'will enable us to measure these higher-order statistics more precisely' rests on forecasts that 'incorporate instrumental noise, observational effects, and, in some cases, foreground removal.' Because foregrounds are the dominant systematic in 21-cm intensity mapping, the manuscript must explicitly identify which statistics and which survey configurations include realistic foreground cleaning (and which do not) and demonstrate that detectability and degeneracy-breaking power survive when foreground removal is performed; without this, the headline claim is not uniformly supported.

    Authors: We agree that foreground removal is the dominant systematic and that the abstract should be more explicit to uniformly support the central claim. The body of the manuscript already specifies, for each statistic, whether realistic foreground cleaning is included in the forecasts (e.g., for the bispectrum and Minkowski functionals in the relevant sections) or noted as a limitation (e.g., for voxel intensity distribution). To address the referee's point directly, we will revise the abstract to explicitly list the statistics and survey configurations that incorporate foreground removal and add a short statement confirming that the reported detectability and degeneracy-breaking results remain valid after foreground cleaning where it is applied. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: forecasts drawn from external simulations without self-referential reduction

full rationale

The paper is a summary chapter presenting higher-order statistics and SKAO forecasts. The abstract states that forecasts 'incorporate instrumental noise, observational effects, and, in some cases, foreground removal in their analyses' and that SKAO 'will enable us to measure these higher-order statistics more precisely'. No equations, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains are exhibited that reduce any claimed result to its own inputs by construction. The central claims rest on external simulation pipelines and prior independent works rather than internal redefinition, satisfying the self-contained benchmark.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review provides no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; the forecasts presumably rely on standard cosmological simulation pipelines and foreground models not detailed here.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5947 in / 1046 out tokens · 26284 ms · 2026-06-30T05:13:00.253648+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

228 extracted references · 188 canonical work pages · 33 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Beyond power spectrum to unveil systematics on HI intensity maps

    Gorbatchev, Pauline and Starck, Jean-Luc and Camera, Stefano and Spinelli, Marta. Beyond power spectrum to unveil systematics on HI intensity maps. 2026. arXiv:2605.08895

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  2. [2]

    Probing Reionization up to the Mark: The Marked Power Spectrum to unveil the HI 21-cm signal from the EoR

    Pandya, Vishrut and Noble, Leon and Majumdar, Suman and Sarkar, Debanjan and Kamran, Mohd and Datta, Abhirup. Probing Reionization up to the Mark: The Marked Power Spectrum to unveil the HI 21-cm signal from the EoR. 2026. arXiv:2605.18301

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  3. [3]

    doi:10.5281/zenodo.16951088 , url =

    Seethapuram Sridhar, Sarrvesh and Williams, Wendy and Price, Danny and Breen, shari and Ball, Lewis , title =. doi:10.5281/zenodo.16951088 , url =

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.16951088

  4. [4]

    Probing the large-scale structure with 21cm-galaxy cross-bispectrum: Estimates from simulations and forecasts for upcoming cosmological surveys

    Noble, Leon and Majumdar, Suman and Viel, Matteo and Fontanot, Fabio and De Lucia, Gabriella and Shaw, Abinash Kumar and Spinelli, Marta and Kamran, Mohd and Xie, Lizhi and Hirschmann, Michaela. Probing the large-scale structure with 21cm-galaxy cross-bispectrum: Estimates from simulations and forecasts for upcoming cosmological surveys. 2026. arXiv:2604.15440

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  5. [7]

    Philcox, Oliver H. E. and Ivanov, Mikhail M. and Cabass, Giovanni and Simonovi \'c , Marko and Zaldarriaga, Matias and Nishimichi, Takahiro. Cosmology with the redshift-space galaxy bispectrum monopole at one-loop order. Phys. Rev. D. 2022. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.106.043530. arXiv:2206.02800

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.106.043530 2022

  6. [8]

    and Karagiannis, Dionysios and Maartens, Roy

    Randrianjanahary, Liantsoa F. and Karagiannis, Dionysios and Maartens, Roy. Cosmological constraints from the EFT power spectrum and tree-level bispectrum of 21 cm intensity maps. Phys. Dark Univ. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.dark.2024.101530. arXiv:2312.02511

    work page doi:10.1016/j.dark.2024.101530 2024

  7. [9]

    2019 , eprint=

    Anticipated Performance of the Square Kilometre Array -- Phase 1 (SKA1) , author=. 2019 , eprint=

    2019

  8. [10]

    2015 , publisher=

    Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (AASKA14) , author=. 2015 , publisher=

    2015

  9. [14]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Starobinsky in Stereo: SKA-CMB Synergy in SBI. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2508.10094 , archivePrefix =. 2508.10094 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.10094

  10. [15]

    , keywords =

    Using the sample variance of 21 cm maps as a tracer of the ionisation topology. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140515 , archivePrefix =. 2102.04352 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140515

  11. [16]

    Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia , volume=

    Measuring the global 21-cm signal with the MWA-II: improved characterisation of lunar-reflected radio frequency interference , author=. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia , volume=. 2023 , publisher=

    2023

  12. [17]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Measuring the global 21-cm signal with the MWA-I: improved measurements of the Galactic synchrotron background using lunar occultation , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2018 , publisher=

    2018

  13. [18]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Chromatic effects in the 21 cm global signal from the cosmic dawn , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  14. [19]

    , keywords =

    Wavelet-based statistics for enhanced 21cm EoR parameter constraints. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348444 , archivePrefix =. 2311.00036 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348444

  15. [20]

    Constraining the EoR model parameters with the 21cm bispectrum

    Constraining the epoch-of-reionization model parameters with the 21-cm bispectrum. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx530 , archivePrefix =. 1608.00372 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stx530

  16. [21]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    The impact of spin-temperature fluctuations on the 21-cm moments , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2015 , publisher=

    2015

  17. [22]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Distinguishing models of reionization using future radio observations of 21-cm 1-point statistics , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2014 , publisher=

    2014

  18. [23]

    Measuring the Redshift of Reionization with a Modest Array of Low-Frequency Dipoles

    Measuring the redshift of reionization with a modest array of low-frequency dipoles. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2011/04/038 , archivePrefix =. 1006.5460 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2011/04/038 2011

  19. [24]

    , keywords =

    Detection and extraction of signals from the epoch of reionization using higher-order one-point statistics. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14209.x , archivePrefix =. 0809.2428 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14209.x 2008

  20. [25]

    Sensitivity of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and its Build-out Stages to One-point Statistics from Redshifted 21 cm Observations

    Sensitivity of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and its build-out stages to one-point statistics from redshifted 21 cm observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3099 , archivePrefix =. 1708.00036 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3099

  21. [26]

    , keywords =

    Measurements of one-point statistics in 21-cm intensity maps via foreground avoidance strategy. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2826 , archivePrefix =. 2204.01124 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2826

  22. [27]

    J., Almaini, O., et al

    The difference PDF of 21-cm fluctuations: a powerful statistical tool for probing cosmic reionization. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12729.x , archivePrefix =. 0705.3246 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12729.x 2007

  23. [28]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Bag, Satadru and Mondal, Rajesh and Sarkar, Prakash and Bharadwaj, Somnath and Sahni, Varun , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2018 , doi =

    2018

  24. [29]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    Efficient Simulations of Early Structure Formation and Reionization. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1086/521806 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/521806

  25. [30]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    The distribution of bubble sizes during reionization. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1542 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1542

  26. [31]

    21cmfast: a fast, seminumerical simulation of the high-redshift 21-cm signal: 21cmfast , volume=

    21CMFAST: a fast, seminumerical simulation of the high-redshift 21-cm signal. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17731.x , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17731.x 2010

  27. [32]

    , eprint =

    Simulations and Analytic Calculations of Bubble Growth during Hydrogen Reionization. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/509597 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/509597

  28. [33]

    2006, MNRAS, 372, 1699, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10972.x

    Simulating cosmic reionization at large scales - I. The geometry of reionization. , eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10502.x , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10502.x 2006

  29. [34]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Stages of Reionization as revealed by the Minkowski Functionals. arXiv e-prints , keywords =

  30. [35]

    2006, MNRAS, 372, 1699, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10972.x

    The morphology of cosmological reionization by means of Minkowski functionals. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10556.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0602616 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10556.x 2006

  31. [36]

    The Topology of Cosmological Reionization

    The Topology of Cosmological Reionization. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/525520 , archivePrefix =. 0708.2431 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/525520

  32. [37]

    and Zaroubi, Saleem and Chapman, Emma and Jelić, Vibor and Harker, Geraint and Abdalla, Filipe B

    Patil, Ajinkya H. and Zaroubi, Saleem and Chapman, Emma and Jelić, Vibor and Harker, Geraint and Abdalla, Filipe B. and Asad, Khan M. B. and Bernardi, Gianni and Brentjens, Michiel A. and de Bruyn, A. G. and Bus, Sander and Ciardi, Benedetta and Daiboo, Soobash and Fernandez, Elizabeth R. and Ghosh, Abhik and Jensen, Hannes and Kazemi, Sanaz and Koopmans,...

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1178 2014

  33. [38]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Simulating the impact of X-ray heating during the cosmic dawn , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  34. [40]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Impact of dark matter models on the EoR 21-cm signal bispectrum , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  35. [41]

    , keywords =

    Studying the morphology of reionization with the triangle correlation function of phases. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2195 , archivePrefix =. 1903.11402 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2195 1903

  36. [42]

    The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

    Forecasts and Statistical Insights for Line Intensity Mapping Cross-correlations: A Case Study with 21 cm [C II]. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad77cc , archivePrefix =. 2407.14588 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad77cc

  37. [43]

    Probing Beyond the Epoch of Hydrogen Reionization with 21 Centimeter Radiation

    Probing beyond the Epoch of Hydrogen Reionization with 21 Centimeter Radiation. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/377634 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0303249 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/377634

  38. [44]

    2006, MNRAS, 372, 1699, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10972.x

    Simulating cosmic reionization at large scales - II. The 21-cm emission features and statistical signals. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10919.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0603518 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10919.x 2006

  39. [45]

    21cmfast: a fast, seminumerical simulation of the high-redshift 21-cm signal: 21cmfast , volume=

    Gluscevic, Vera and Barkana, Rennan , title = ". , volume =. 2010 , month =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17293.x , url =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17293.x 2010

  40. [46]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Optimal, fast, and robust inference of reionization-era cosmology with the 21cmPIE-INN. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2401.04174 , archivePrefix =. 2401.04174 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2401.04174

  41. [47]

    uggen, Marcus , title =

    Neutsch, Steffen and Heneka, Caroline and. Inferring astrophysics and dark matter properties from 21 cm tomography using deep learning. 2022. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac218. arXiv:2201.07587

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac218 2022

  42. [48]

    ML4Astro International Conference , pages=

    Deep Learning 21 cm Lightcones in 3D , author=. ML4Astro International Conference , pages=. 2022 , organization=. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2311.17553 , archivePrefix =. 2311.17553 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.17553 2022

  43. [49]

    The Astrophysical Journal , volume=

    The growth of H II regions during reionization , author=. The Astrophysical Journal , volume=. 2004 , publisher=

    2004

  44. [50]

    Physical Review D , volume=

    Halo model approach for the 21-cm power spectrum at cosmic dawn , author=. Physical Review D , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  45. [51]

    Physical Review D , volume=

    Cosmological forecast of the 21-cm power spectrum with the halo model of reionization , author=. Physical Review D , volume=. 2023 , publisher=

    2023

  46. [52]

    Physical review D , volume=

    Imprints of fermionic and bosonic mixed dark matter on the 21-cm signal at cosmic dawn , author=. Physical review D , volume=. 2022 , publisher=

    2022

  47. [53]

    , keywords =

    Constraining cosmic reionization by combining the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich and the 21 cm power spectra. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae506 , archivePrefix =. 2312.04259 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stae506

  48. [54]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    The EDGES measurement disfavors an excess radio background during the cosmic dawn. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2411.08134 , archivePrefix =. 2411.08134 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.08134

  49. [55]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    An effective model for the cosmic-dawn 21-cm signal , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2023 , publisher=

    2023

  50. [56]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    A galaxy-free phenomenological model for the 21-cm power spectrum during reionization , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2022 , publisher=

    2022

  51. [57]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    Recovering the H II region size statistics from 21-cm tomography. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1568 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1568

  52. [58]

    , keywords =

    Optimal identification of H II regions during reionization in 21-cm observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1786 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1786

  53. [59]

    I: Formalism &amp; Phenomenology

    Persistent topology of the reionisation bubble network. I: Formalism &amp; Phenomenology. arXiv e-prints , keywords =

  54. [60]

    Evolution and classification

    Persistent topology of the reionization bubble network - II. Evolution and classification. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad120 , archivePrefix =. 2209.03948 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad120

  55. [61]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    Bubble size statistics during reionization from 21-cm tomography. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2539 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2539

  56. [62]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Constraining the intergalactic medium at z≈ 9.1 using LOFAR Epoch of Reionization observations , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  57. [63]

    The Astrophysical Journal , volume=

    Emulating simulations of cosmic dawn for 21 cm power spectrum constraints on cosmology, reionization, and x-ray heating , author=. The Astrophysical Journal , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  58. [64]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Emulation of reionization simulations for Bayesian inference of astrophysics parameters using neural networks , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2018 , publisher=

    2018

  59. [65]

    Foreground contamination , author=

    Deep learning approach for identification of h ii regions during reionization in 21-cm observations--II. Foreground contamination , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  60. [66]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Deep learning approach for identification of H II regions during reionization in 21-cm observations , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  61. [67]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=

    Analysing the 21 cm signal from the epoch of reionization with artificial neural networks , author=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  62. [68]

    The LORELI database: 21 cm signal inference with 3D radiative hydrodynamics simulations

    The LORELI database: 21 cm signal inference with 3D radiative hydrodynamics simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347591 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347591

  63. [69]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Comparison of Bayesian inference methods using the Loreli II database of hydro-radiative simulations of the 21-cm signal. arXiv e-prints , keywords =

  64. [70]

    Simulation-based Inference of Reionization Parameters from 3D Tomographic 21 cm Light-cone Images

    Simulation-based Inference of Reionization Parameters from 3D Tomographic 21 cm Light-cone Images. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac457d , archivePrefix =. 2105.03344 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac457d

  65. [71]

    Simulation-based Inference of Reionization Parameters from 3D Tomographic 21 cm Light-cone Images. II. Application of Solid Harmonic Wavelet Scattering Transform. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5ff0 , archivePrefix =. 2310.17602 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5ff0

  66. [72]

    , keywords =

    Exploring the likelihood of the 21-cm power spectrum with simulation-based inference. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2027 , archivePrefix =. 2305.03074 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2027

  67. [73]

    A&A , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    Reionization by UV or X-ray sources. A&A , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014347 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014347

  68. [74]

    The simulated 21 cm signal during the epoch of reionization : full modeling of the Ly-alpha pumping

    The simulated 21 cm signal during the epoch of reionization: full modeling of the Ly- pumping. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810757 , archivePrefix =. 0808.0925 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810757

  69. [75]

    , keywords =

    Accurate modelling of the Lyman- coupling for the 21-cm signal, observability with NenuFAR, and SKA. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244722 , archivePrefix =. 2301.13178 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244722

  70. [76]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    21SSD: a public data base of simulated 21-cm signals from the epoch of reionization. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2274 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2274

  71. [77]

    Automatic physical inference with information maximising neural networks

    Automatic physical inference with information maximizing neural networks. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.083004 , archivePrefix =. 1802.03537 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.083004

  72. [78]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Combining summary statistics with simulation-based inference for the 21 cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2411.14419 , archivePrefix =. 2411.14419 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.14419

  73. [79]

    , keywords =

    How informative are summaries of the cosmic 21 cm signal?. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449309 , archivePrefix =. 2401.12277 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449309

  74. [80]

    Expected constraints on models of the epoch of reionization with the variance and skewness in redshifted 21cm-line fluctuations

    Expected constraints on models of the epoch of reionization with the variance and skewness in redshifted 21 cm-line fluctuations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/pasj/psw059 , archivePrefix =. 1602.02873 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/pasj/psw059

  75. [82]

    D., 2012, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21871.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.426.3282M 426, 3282

    Datta, Kanan K. and Mellema, Garrelt and Mao, Yi and Iliev, Ilian T. and Shapiro, Paul R. and Ahn, Kyungjin , title =. MNRAS , volume =. 2012 , month =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21293.x , url =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21293.x 2012

  76. [83]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Mondal, Rajesh and Shaw, Abinash Kumar and Iliev, Ilian T and Bharadwaj, Somnath and Datta, Kanan K and Majumdar, Suman and Sarkar, Anjan K and Dixon, Keri L , title =. MNRAS , volume =. 2020 , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1026 , url =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1026 2020

  77. [84]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Shaw, Abinash Kumar and Ghara, Raghunath and Zaroubi, Saleem and Mondal, Rajesh and Mellema, Garrelt and Mertens, Florent and Koopmans, Léon V E and Semelin, Benoît , title =. MNRAS , volume =. 2023 , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1114 , url =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1114 2023

  78. [85]

    MNRAS , volume =

    Shaw, Abinash Kumar and Bharadwaj, Somnath and Mondal, Rajesh , title =. MNRAS , volume =. 2019 , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1561 , url =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1561 2019

  79. [86]

    , keywords =

    The multifrequency angular power spectrum in parameter studies of the cosmic 21-cm signal. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac053 , archivePrefix =. 2203.11095 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac053

  80. [87]

    , keywords =

    The impact of non-Gaussianity on the Epoch of Reionization parameter forecast using 21-cm power-spectrum measurements. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2090 , archivePrefix =. 2005.06535 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2090 2005

Showing first 80 references.