The Local Structure of Tilings and their Integer Group of Coinvariants

The local structure of a tiling is described in terms of a multiplicative structure on its pattern classes. The groupoid associated to the tiling is derived from this structure and its integer group of coinvariants is defined. This group furnishes part of the $K_0$-group of the groupoid $C^*$-algebra for tilings which reduce to decorations of $\Z^d$. The group itself as well as the image of its state is computed for substitution tilings in case the substitution is locally invertible and primitive. This yields in particular the set of possible gap labels predicted by $K$-theory for Schr\"odinger operators describing the particle motion in such a tiling.