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Mass, Metal, and Energy Feedback in Cosmological Simulations

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Paper breakdownThe authors' claims, conditions and measurements, as JSON Signed receiptProof this review has not been altered
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Benjamin D. Oppenheimer, Romeel Davé

Astrophysics · Submitted 11 Dec 2007

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim Hence metals driven into the IGM by galactic superwinds cannot be assumed to leave their galaxy forever.

how it is stated · asserted 0.84 read the record →

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arXiv ID0712.1827 (version 2)
Pith IDXPXH6RAX, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationBenjamin D. Oppenheimer, Romeel Dav\'e. "Mass, Metal, and Energy Feedback in Cosmological Simulations." arXiv:0712.1827 (2007). https://pith.science/paper/XPXH6RAX
Claim paper

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Open the compiled record

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 9,087 input tokens, $0.0004 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.91 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.05 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.98 · compares with prior results 0.71 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

Using Gadget-2 cosmological hydrodynamic simulations including an observationally-constrained model for galactic outflows, we investigate how feedback from star formation distributes mass, metals, and energy on cosmic scales from z=6->0. We include instantaneous enrichment from Type II SNe, delayed enrichment from Type Ia SNe and stellar (AGB) mass loss, and we individually track C, O, Si, and Fe. Following on the successes of the momentum-driven wind scalings, we improve our implementation with an on-the-fly galaxy finder to derive wind properties based on host galaxy masses. By tracking wind particles in a suite of simulations, we find: (1) Wind material reaccretes onto a galaxy on a recycling timescale that varies inversely with galaxy mass. Hence metals driven into the IGM by galactic superwinds cannot be assumed to leave their galaxy forever. Wind material is typically recycled several times; the median number of ejections for a given wind particle is 3, so by z=0 the total mass ejected in winds exceeds 0.5\Omega_b. (2) The physical distance winds travel is fairly independent of redshift and galaxy mass (60-100 physical kpc). For sizable galaxies at later epochs, winds typically do not escape the galaxy halo, and rain back down in a halo fountain. High-z galaxies enrich a significantly larger comoving volume of the IGM, with metals migrating back into galaxies to lower z. (3) The energy imparted into winds scales with M_{gal}^{1/3}, and energy from another source besides SNe (such as photons from young stars) may be required to distributed cosmic metals as observed. (4) The production of all 4 metals tracked is globally dominated by Type II SNe at all epochs. However, intracluster gas iron content triples as a result of non-Type II sources, and the low-z IGM carbon content is boosted by AGB feedback.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 Using Gadget-2 cosmological hydrodynamic simulations including an observationally-constrained model for galactic outflows, we investigate how feedback from star formation distributes mass, metals, and energy on cosmic scales from z=6->0. contribution 0.62 0.93 0.04 asserted 0.78
s1 We include instantaneous enrichment from Type II SNe, delayed enrichment from Type Ia SNe and stellar (AGB) mass loss, and we individually track C, O, Si, and Fe. method 0.98 0.91 0.02 asserted 0.99
s2 Following on the successes of the momentum-driven wind scalings, we improve our implementation with an on-the-fly galaxy finder to derive wind properties based on host galaxy masses. method 0.90 0.88 0.02 asserted 0.99
s3 By tracking wind particles in a suite of simulations, we find: (1) Wind material reaccretes onto a galaxy on a recycling timescale that varies inversely with galaxy mass. result 1.00 0.96 0.24 asserted 1.00
s4 Hence metals driven into the IGM by galactic superwinds cannot be assumed to leave their galaxy forever. interpretation 0.98 0.77 0.31 asserted 0.84
s5 Wind material is typically recycled several times; the median number of ejections for a given wind particle is 3, so by z=0 the total mass ejected in winds exceeds 0.5\Omega_b. result 1.00 0.96 0.15 asserted 1.00
s6 (2) The physical distance winds travel is fairly independent of redshift and galaxy mass (60-100 physical kpc). result 1.00 0.93 0.07 asserted 0.99
s7 For sizable galaxies at later epochs, winds typically do not escape the galaxy halo, and rain back down in a halo fountain. result 0.94 0.86 0.10 asserted 0.96
s8 High-z galaxies enrich a significantly larger comoving volume of the IGM, with metals migrating back into galaxies to lower z. result 0.95 0.90 0.14 asserted 1.00
s9 (3) The energy imparted into winds scales with M_{gal}^{1/3}, and energy from another source besides SNe (such as photons from young stars) may be required to distributed cosmic metals as observed. result 0.84 0.89 0.19 hedged possibility 0.91
s10 (4) The production of all 4 metals tracked is globally dominated by Type II SNe at all epochs. result 1.00 0.92 0.10 asserted 1.00
s11 However, intracluster gas iron content triples as a result of non-Type II sources, and the low-z IGM carbon content is boosted by AGB feedback. result 0.98 0.86 0.07 asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: simulation study 1.00 · evidence from simulation or computation 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v2
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
levels run
  • P abstract
not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

Using Gadget-2 cosmological hydrodynamic simulations including an observationally-constrained model for galactic outflows, we investigate how feedback from star formation distributes mass, metals, and energy on cosmic scales from z=6->0. We include instantaneous enrichment from Type II SNe, delayed enrichment from Type Ia SNe and stellar (AGB) mass loss, and we individually track C, O, Si, and Fe. Following on the successes of the momentum-driven wind scalings, we improve our implementation with an on-the-fly galaxy finder to derive wind properties based on host galaxy masses. By tracking wind particles in a suite of simulations, we find: (1) Wind material reaccretes onto a galaxy on a recycling timescale that varies inversely with galaxy mass. Hence metals driven into the IGM by galactic superwinds cannot be assumed to leave their galaxy forever. Wind material is typically recycled several times; the median number of ejections for a given wind particle is 3, so by z=0 the total mass ejected in winds exceeds 0.5\Omega_b. (2) The physical distance winds travel is fairly independent of redshift and galaxy mass (60-100 physical kpc). For sizable galaxies at later epochs, winds typically do not escape the galaxy halo, and rain back down in a halo fountain. High-z galaxies enrich a significantly larger comoving volume of the IGM, with metals migrating back into galaxies to lower z. (3) The energy imparted into winds scales with M_{gal}^{1/3}, and energy from another source besides SNe (such as photons from young stars) may be required to distributed cosmic metals as observed. (4) The production of all 4 metals tracked is globally dominated by Type II SNe at all epochs. However, intracluster gas iron content triples as a result of non-Type II sources, and the low-z IGM carbon content is boosted by AGB feedback.

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References
How later papers used it

104 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 88 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 6 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 20 of the 142 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

Uses its method or tool 3 of 11 papers with this label · 1 by the same authors

By the same authors

  • Followed this paper for asymptotic giant branch stars, using lookup tables as a function of age and metallicity.

    The Low Redshift Circumgalactic Medium in Simba (2021) (same authors) · 0.92 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

Uses its data or values 1 of 3 papers with this label · 1 by the same authors

By the same authors

How the literature uses it

4 arXiv papers cite this in 7 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

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