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Random Quantum Circuits are Approximate 2-designs

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arxiv 0802.1919 v3 pith:ULETYJJZ submitted 2008-02-13 quant-ph

Random Quantum Circuits are Approximate 2-designs

classification quant-ph
keywords randomapproximatecircuitsdesignsgateonlypreviousqubits
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Given a universal gate set on two qubits, it is well known that applying random gates from the set to random pairs of qubits will eventually yield an approximately Haar-distributed unitary. However, this requires exponential time. We show that random circuits of only polynomial length will approximate the first and second moments of the Haar distribution, thus forming approximate 1- and 2-designs. Previous constructions required longer circuits and worked only for specific gate sets. As a corollary of our main result, we also improve previous bounds on the convergence rate of random walks on the Clifford group.

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Forward citations

Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Quantum Simulation of Random Unitaries from Clebsch-Gordan Transforms

    quant-ph 2025-09 accept novelty 7.0

    Clebsch-Gordan transforms give exact compressed oracles for Haar-random unitary group actions, with efficient circuits for U(d).

  2. Entanglement and information scrambling in long-range measurement-only circuits

    quant-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Long-range measurement-only Clifford circuits display several entanglement and scrambling phases, including a structured-circuit phase with volume-law entanglement, long-range correlations, rapid ancilla purification,...