Gravitational Wave Extraction in Simulations of Rotating Stellar Core Collapse

Christian D. Ott; Christian Reisswig; Erik Schnetter; Ulrich Sperhake

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Gravitational Wave Extraction in Simulations of Rotating Stellar Core Collapse

Christian Reisswig, Christian D. Ott, Ulrich Sperhake, Erik Schnetter

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Submitted 2 Dec 2010

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim We also find remarkably good agreement of the waveforms obtained from the QF with those obtained from CCE.

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arXiv ID1012.0595 (version 2)

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CitationChristian D. Ott, Christian Reisswig, Erik Schnetter, Ulrich Sperhake. "Gravitational Wave Extraction in Simulations of Rotating Stellar Core Collapse." arXiv:1012.0595 (2010). https://pith.science/paper/2AQTXBPP

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What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.90 · states limitation 0.91 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.54 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.98 · compares with prior results 0.95 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

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We perform simulations of general relativistic rotating stellar core collapse and compute the gravitational waves (GWs) emitted in the core bounce phase of three representative models via multiple techniques. The simplest technique, the quadrupole formula (QF), estimates the GW content in the spacetime from the mass quadrupole tensor. It is strictly valid only in the weak-field and slow-motion approximation. For the first time, we apply GW extraction methods in core collapse that are fully curvature-based and valid for strongly radiating and highly relativistic sources. We employ three extraction methods computing (i) the Newman-Penrose (NP) scalar Psi_4, (ii) Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli-Moncrief (RWZM) master functions, and (iii) Cauchy-Characteristic Extraction (CCE) allowing for the extraction of GWs at future null infinity, where the spacetime is asymptotically flat and the GW content is unambiguously defined. The latter technique is the only one not suffering from residual gauge and finite-radius effects. All curvature-based methods suffer from strong non-linear drifts. We employ the fixed-frequency integration technique as a high-pass waveform filter. Using the CCE results as a benchmark, we find that finite-radius NP extraction yields results that agree nearly perfectly in phase, but differ in amplitude by ~1-7% at core bounce, depending on the model. RWZM waveforms, while in general agreeing in phase, contain spurious high-frequency noise of comparable amplitudes to those of the relatively weak GWs emitted in core collapse. We also find remarkably good agreement of the waveforms obtained from the QF with those obtained from CCE. They agree very well in phase but systematically underpredict peak amplitudes by ~5-11% which is comparable to the NP results and is within the uncertainties associated with core collapse physics. (abridged)

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We perform simulations of general relativistic rotating stellar core collapse and compute the gravitational waves (GWs) emitted in the core bounce phase of three representative models via multiple techniques.	contribution 0.85	0.98	0.05	asserted 1.00
s1	The simplest technique, the quadrupole formula (QF), estimates the GW content in the spacetime from the mass quadrupole tensor.	method 0.66	0.21	0.02	asserted 1.00
s2	It is strictly valid only in the weak-field and slow-motion approximation.	background 0.79	0.07	0.02	asserted 1.00
s3	For the first time, we apply GW extraction methods in core collapse that are fully curvature-based and valid for strongly radiating and highly relativistic sources.	contribution 0.93	0.94	0.10	asserted 1.00
s4	We employ three extraction methods computing (i) the Newman-Penrose (NP) scalar Psi_4, (ii) Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli-Moncrief (RWZM) master functions, and (iii) Cauchy-Characteristic Extraction (CCE) allowing for the extraction of GWs at future null infinity, where the spacetime is asymptotically flat and the GW content is unambiguously defined.	method 0.90	0.94	0.06	asserted 1.00
s5	The latter technique is the only one not suffering from residual gauge and finite-radius effects.	method 0.43	0.37	0.08	asserted 1.00
s6	All curvature-based methods suffer from strong non-linear drifts.	limitation 0.88	0.65	0.06	asserted 1.00
s7	We employ the fixed-frequency integration technique as a high-pass waveform filter.	method 1.00	0.93	0.03	asserted 1.00
s8	Using the CCE results as a benchmark, we find that finite-radius NP extraction yields results that agree nearly perfectly in phase, but differ in amplitude by ~1-7% at core bounce, depending on the model.	result 1.00	0.98	0.18	asserted 1.00
s9	RWZM waveforms, while in general agreeing in phase, contain spurious high-frequency noise of comparable amplitudes to those of the relatively weak GWs emitted in core collapse.	result 0.99	0.94	0.08	asserted 1.00
s10	We also find remarkably good agreement of the waveforms obtained from the QF with those obtained from CCE.	result 1.00	0.95	0.23	asserted 1.00
s11	They agree very well in phase but systematically underpredict peak amplitudes by ~5-11% which is comparable to the NP results and is within the uncertainties associated with core collapse physics. (abridged)	result 0.96	0.95	0.29	asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: simulation study 1.00 · evidence from simulation or computation 1.00.

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Original abstract

We perform simulations of general relativistic rotating stellar core collapse and compute the gravitational waves (GWs) emitted in the core bounce phase of three representative models via multiple techniques. The simplest technique, the quadrupole formula (QF), estimates the GW content in the spacetime from the mass quadrupole tensor. It is strictly valid only in the weak-field and slow-motion approximation. For the first time, we apply GW extraction methods in core collapse that are fully curvature-based and valid for strongly radiating and highly relativistic sources. We employ three extraction methods computing (i) the Newman-Penrose (NP) scalar Psi_4, (ii) Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli-Moncrief (RWZM) master functions, and (iii) Cauchy-Characteristic Extraction (CCE) allowing for the extraction of GWs at future null infinity, where the spacetime is asymptotically flat and the GW content is unambiguously defined. The latter technique is the only one not suffering from residual gauge and finite-radius effects. All curvature-based methods suffer from strong non-linear drifts. We employ the fixed-frequency integration technique as a high-pass waveform filter. Using the CCE results as a benchmark, we find that finite-radius NP extraction yields results that agree nearly perfectly in phase, but differ in amplitude by ~1-7% at core bounce, depending on the model. RWZM waveforms, while in general agreeing in phase, contain spurious high-frequency noise of comparable amplitudes to those of the relatively weak GWs emitted in core collapse. We also find remarkably good agreement of the waveforms obtained from the QF with those obtained from CCE. They agree very well in phase but systematically underpredict peak amplitudes by ~5-11% which is comparable to the NP results and is within the uncertainties associated with core collapse physics. (abridged)

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References

Forward citations

Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Scalaron Quasinormal and Quasi-Bound Modes of Schwarzschild Black Holes in the Bondi-Sachs Formulation of Metric $f(R)$ Gravity
gr-qc 2026-10 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

Linear scalaron quasinormal and quasi-bound spectra of Schwarzschild black holes in metric f(R) gravity depend only on the combination μM, and are recovered independently by continued-fraction and characteristic time-...
Extraction of Gravitational Waves in Numerical Relativity
gr-qc 2016-06 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

A systematic review of the four methods used to extract gravitational waves from numerical relativity simulations, with first-principles derivations, implementation recipes, and an accuracy comparison.

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14 arXiv papers cite this in 20 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 14 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 5 papers

We extract GWs directly from the spacetime fields using the fully gauge-invariant Cauchy-Characteristic Extraction method of [ref] .

Dynamics and Gravitational Wave Signature of Collapsar Formation · Introduction · 1.00
Here, our work is based on: a new thorn (a language counterpart of ) which takes the tensor perturbation into consideration and initializes an almost FLRW Universe with saclar and tensor perturbations; a self-developing thorn which calculates several derived varivables including the comoving time, scale factor, the tensor component of perturbation and the distribution of overdensity at the end of each evolution step; the thorn [ref] which evolves spacetime using the Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura (BSSN) formalism [ref] and the thorn which evolves the hydrodynamical system [ref] .

Numerical Relativity Investigation of the Effects of Gravitational Waves on the Inhomogeneity of the Universe · Introduction · 1.00
More precisely: the thorn (and ) [ref] gets the initial data of PBHLs; the thorn [ref] evolves spacetime using the Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura (BSSN) formalism [ref] ; the thorn evolves the hydrodynamical system [ref] .

A Gravitational Wave Background from Primordial Black Hole Lattices in Matter Dominated Era · Introduction · 1.00

What it cites · 8 sentences without a confident label

Uses the method or tool of 3 papers

In addition, and also for the first time in the present context, we utilize the Cauchy-Characteristic Extraction (CCE) approach [ref] that propagates the GW information to $^+$ for completely gauge independent and unambiguous GW extraction.

A Characteristic Extraction Tool for Gravitational Waveforms · Introduction · 0.98
In order to reduce the contribution of these artificial low-frequency components, we first transform to the Fourier domain, multiply by $f$ in order to take the first time derivative, and then apply fixed FFI [ref] to obtain $h_+,e$.

Notes on the integration of numerical relativity waveforms · Computing the Strain · 1.00
In our construction of an approximate tetrad, we follow common practice (e.g. [ref] ) and use a triad of spatial vectors $u, v, w$ obtained via a Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization starting from

High accuracy binary black hole simulations with an extended wave zone · Newman-Penrose Scalars · 0.94

Cites as background 1 paper

The numerical implementation of CCE including results from binary black hole mergers is discussed in [ref] .

A Characteristic Extraction Tool for Gravitational Waveforms · Cauchy-Characteristic Extraction · 0.90

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