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The ZZ' kinetic mixing in the light of the recent direct and indirect dark matter searches
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 25 Apr 2011
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim We show that the region respecting WMAP and experimental constraints is now very narrowed along the pole line where $M_{Z_D}\simeq 2 m_{DM}$, $Z_D$ being the gauge boson associated to the extra $U'(1)$.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Several constructions, of stringy origins or not, generate abelian gauge extensions of the Standard Model (SM). Even if the particles of the SM are not charged under this extra $U'(1)$, one cannot avoid the presence of a kinetic mixing between $U'(1)$ and the hypercharge $U_Y(1)$. In this work, we constraint drastically this kinetic mixing, taking into account the recent experimental data from accelerator physics, direct detection and indirect detection of dark matter. We show that the region respecting WMAP and experimental constraints is now very narrowed along the pole line where $M_{Z_D}\simeq 2 m_{DM}$, $Z_D$ being the gauge boson associated to the extra $U'(1)$.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Several constructions, of stringy origins or not, generate abelian gauge extensions of the Standard Model (SM). | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 | asserted 0.99 |
| s1 | Even if the particles of the SM are not charged under this extra $U'(1)$, one cannot avoid the presence of a kinetic mixing between $U'(1)$ and the hypercharge $U_Y(1)$. | background 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | In this work, we constraint drastically this kinetic mixing, taking into account the recent experimental data from accelerator physics, direct detection and indirect detection of dark matter. | contribution 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.16 | asserted 1.00 |
| s3 | We show that the region respecting WMAP and experimental constraints is now very narrowed along the pole line where $M_{Z_D}\simeq 2 m_{DM}$, $Z_D$ being the gauge boson associated to the extra $U'(1)$. | result 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.84 | asserted 1.00 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Several constructions, of stringy origins or not, generate abelian gauge extensions of the Standard Model (SM). Even if the particles of the SM are not charged under this extra $U'(1)$, one cannot avoid the presence of a kinetic mixing between $U'(1)$ and the hypercharge $U_Y(1)$. In this work, we constraint drastically this kinetic mixing, taking into account the recent experimental data from accelerator physics, direct detection and indirect detection of dark matter. We show that the region respecting WMAP and experimental constraints is now very narrowed along the pole line where $M_{Z_D}\simeq 2 m_{DM}$, $Z_D$ being the gauge boson associated to the extra $U'(1)$.
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References
How the literature uses it
41 arXiv papers cite this in 49 sentences
Papers citing it · 37 sentences without a confident label
Builds on it 1 paper
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This is essentially the model considered in [ref] except that we shall insist on the relation ([ref]); the parameters are the dark matter mass $m_ψ$, hidden photon mass $m_γ'$, kinetic mixing $χ$ and the tuning parameter $κ$.
Dark Matter and Dark Forces from a supersymmetric hidden sector · Application to toy model · 0.91
Cites it as background 11 papers
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We suggest for further reading [ref] for dark matter constraints, [ref] for LHC constraints, [ref] for string motivations and [ref] for other studies. ] on $δ$ (from precision measurements, rare decay processes, $ρ$-parameter), a non-zero kinetic mixing generates new annihilation diagrams ($s-$channel $Z/Z'$ exchange), as represented in Fig.[ref], which could modify our results[In all our study we use the conventions described in [ref] .].
Extra U(1), effective operators, anomalies and dark matter · Constraints on the kinetic mixing · 0.95
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The dark matter candidate can scatter off a nucleus through a $t$-channel exchange of $Z$ or $Z'$ bosons (see e.g. [ref] [ref] ).
Thermal and non-thermal production of dark matter via Z'-portal(s) · Other constraints · 0.86
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Other possibilities are sequential $$ models, where $V_f$ and $A_f$ are the same as the SM $Z$ bosons couplings, or simply re-scaled [ref] ; and kinetic mixing portals [ref] , coming from the fact that the kinetic terms of two $U(1)$ gauge bosons are in general non-diagonal.
Testing freeze-in with axial and vector $Z'$ bosons · The model · 0.99
What it cites · 50 sentences without a confident label
Uses the method or tool of 4 papers
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Pukhov for their help to address this issue.] [ref] in order to calculate the relic abundance of $ψ_0$ and implemented the points that fulfill the WMAP $5σ$ bound [ref] , $Ω_DM h^2=0.1123 ±5 ×0.0035$.
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology · Relic Density · 0.93
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Pukhov for their help to address this issue.] [ref] in order to calculate the relic abundance of $ψ_0$ and implemented the points that fulfill the WMAP $5σ$ bound [ref] , $Ω_DM h^2=0.1123 ±5 ×0.0035$.
micrOMEGAs : a tool for dark matter studies · Relic Density · 0.93
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We followed the recent analysis given in [ref] .
Radio and gamma-ray constraints on dark matter annihilation in the Galactic center · Indirect detection · 0.93
Uses data or values from 2 papers
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* We also implemented the constraints derived from FERMI diffuse measurements [ref] .
Constraints on Cosmological Dark Matter Annihilation from the Fermi-LAT Isotropic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Measurement · Indirect detection · 0.93
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To compare with experimental data, we used the latest experimental value [ref]
Update of g-2 of the muon and Delta alpha · Low energy and electroweak constraints · 0.98
Compares with 2 papers
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We should mention that this model has a common feature with the singlet extension of the SM studied in [ref] : the same diagram which gives the relic abundance is the one contributing to the nucleon-scattering (from $s-$ to $t-$ channel $Z_D$ exchange).
Constraints on Light WIMP candidates from the Isotropic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission · Consequences on $m_ψ_0$ and $M_Z_D$ · 0.91
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We should mention that this model has a common feature with the singlet extension of the SM studied in [ref] : the same diagram which gives the relic abundance is the one contributing to the nucleon-scattering (from $s-$ to $t-$ channel $Z_D$ exchange).
A light scalar WIMP through the Higgs portal and CoGeNT · Consequences on $m_ψ_0$ and $M_Z_D$ · 0.91
Cites as background 19 papers
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The abundance of a thermal relic dark matter candidate $ψ_0$ is controlled by its annihilation cross section into SM particles mediated by the exchange of a $Z_D$ gauge boson through $s-$channel, or $t-$channel $Z_DZ_D$ final state (see [ref] for a detailed study of the relic abundance constraints).
(In)visible Z' and dark matter · Relic Density · 0.93
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The abundance of a thermal relic dark matter candidate $ψ_0$ is controlled by its annihilation cross section into SM particles mediated by the exchange of a $Z_D$ gauge boson through $s-$channel, or $t-$channel $Z_DZ_D$ final state (see [ref] for a detailed study of the relic abundance constraints).
A clear Dark Matter gamma ray line generated by the Green-Schwarz mechanism · Relic Density · 0.93
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These signals are produced via the various energy loss processes that charged particles undergo, examples of which include synchrotron radiation or inverse Compton scattering of electrons from interstellar radiation field [ref] .
Radio observations of the Galactic Centre and the Coma cluster as a probe of light dark matter self-annihilations and decay · Indirect detection · 0.80
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