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Spacetime as a topological insulator: Mechanism for the origin of the fermion generations

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David B. Kaplan, Sichun Sun

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 1 Dec 2011

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim We suggest a mechanism whereby the three generations of quarks and leptons correspond to surface modes in a five-dimensional theory.

how it is stated · hedged possibility 0.89 read the record →

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arXiv ID1112.0302 (version 3)
Pith IDTU5HFSIW, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationDavid B. Kaplan, Sichun Sun. "Spacetime as a topological insulator: Mechanism for the origin of the fermion generations." arXiv:1112.0302 (2011). https://pith.science/paper/TU5HFSIW
Claim paper

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Open the compiled record

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 2,942 input tokens, $0.0001 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.08 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.18 · compares with prior results 0.57 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v3. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

We suggest a mechanism whereby the three generations of quarks and leptons correspond to surface modes in a five-dimensional theory. These modes arise from a nonlinear fermion dispersion relation in the extra dimension, much in the same manner as fermion surface modes in a topological insulator or lattice implementation of domain wall fermions. We also show that the topological properties can persist in a deconstructed version of the model in four dimensions.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 We suggest a mechanism whereby the three generations of quarks and leptons correspond to surface modes in a five-dimensional theory. contribution 0.97 0.59 0.71 hedged possibility 0.89
s1 These modes arise from a nonlinear fermion dispersion relation in the extra dimension, much in the same manner as fermion surface modes in a topological insulator or lattice implementation of domain wall fermions. method 0.45 0.37 0.16 asserted 0.99
s2 We also show that the topological properties can persist in a deconstructed version of the model in four dimensions. result 0.92 0.92 0.12 asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.98 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.68.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v3
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
levels run
  • P abstract
not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

We suggest a mechanism whereby the three generations of quarks and leptons correspond to surface modes in a five-dimensional theory. These modes arise from a nonlinear fermion dispersion relation in the extra dimension, much in the same manner as fermion surface modes in a topological insulator or lattice implementation of domain wall fermions. We also show that the topological properties can persist in a deconstructed version of the model in four dimensions.

Human review

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How the literature uses it

17 arXiv papers cite this in 22 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 10 sentences without a confident label

Builds on it 1 paper
Cites it as background 11 papers
  • When we pursue a suitable answer for problems in flavor, one of the engaging ways is considering a hidden structure of extra dimensions [ref] .

    Realization of lepton masses and mixing angles from point interactions in an extra dimension · Introduction · 0.81

  • Though the physics of topological materials started 30 years ago with the pioneering work by Nielsen and Ninomiya [ref] , who demonstrated that the masslessness of elementary particles can be protected by the momentum space topology, the investigation of the topologically nontrivial vacua in relativistic quantum field theories is still in its infancy, with a rather few papers exploiting topological invariants in momentum space (see e.g. [ref] ).

    Momentum space topological invariants for the 4D relativistic vacua with mass gap · Introduction · 0.96

  • Momentum space topology (i.e. the theory of topological invariants in momentum space) has been widely discussed recently in the context of relativistic theories (see [ref] ).

    Momentum space topology of QCD · Introduction · 0.98

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