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Reddening and metallicity maps of the Milky Way bulge from VVV and 2MASS II. The complete high resolution extinction map and implications for Bulge studies

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Paper breakdownThe authors' claims, conditions and measurements, as JSON Signed receiptProof this review has not been altered
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O. A. Gonzalez, M. Rejkuba, M. Zoccali, E. Valenti, D. Minniti, M. Schultheis, R. Tobar, B. Chen

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Submitted 18 Apr 2012

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim We investigate the importance of differential reddening and demonstrate the need for high resolution extinction maps for detailed studies of Bulge stellar populations and structure.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv ID1204.4004 (version 1)
Pith IDYPIUXVIN, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationB. Chen, D. Minniti, E. Valenti, M. Rejkuba, M. Schultheis, M. Zoccali, O. A. Gonzalez, R. Tobar. "Reddening and metallicity maps of the Milky Way bulge from VVV and 2MASS II. The complete high resolution extinction map and implications for Bulge studies." arXiv:1204.4004 (2012). https://pith.science/paper/YPIUXVIN
Claim paper

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 8,375 input tokens, $0.0004 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.06 · states limitation 0.26 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.28 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.91 · compares with prior results 0.98 · mentions code or data availability 0.04.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

We use the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) ESO public survey data to measure extinction values in the complete area of the Galactic bulge covered by the survey at high resolution. We derive reddening values using the method described in Paper I. This is based on measuring the mean (J-Ks) color of red clump giants in small subfields of 2' to 6' in the following bulge area: -10.3<b<+5.1 and -10<l<+10.4. To determine the reddening values E(J-Ks) for each region, we measure the RC color and compare it to the (J-Ks) color of RC stars measured in Baade's window, for which we adopt E(B-V)=0.55. This allows us to construct a reddening map sensitive to small scale variations minimizing the problems arising from differential extinction. The significant reddening variations are clearly observed on spatial scales as small as 2'. We find a good agreement between our extinction measurements and Schlegel maps in the outer bulge, but, as already stated in the literature the Schlegel maps are not reliable for regions within |b| < 6. In the inner regions we compare our results with maps derived from DENIS and Spitzer surveys. While we find good agreement with other studies in the corresponding overlapping regions, our extinction map has better quality due to both higher resolution and a more complete spatial coverage in the Bulge. We investigate the importance of differential reddening and demonstrate the need for high resolution extinction maps for detailed studies of Bulge stellar populations and structure. The extinction variations on scales of up to 2'-6', must be taken into account when analysing the stellar populations of the Bulge.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 We use the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) ESO public survey data to measure extinction values in the complete area of the Galactic bulge covered by the survey at high resolution. contribution 0.62 0.97 0.05 asserted 1.00
s1 We derive reddening values using the method described in Paper I. method 0.98 0.90 0.03 asserted 0.99
s2 This is based on measuring the mean (J-Ks) color of red clump giants in small subfields of 2' to 6' in the following bulge area: -10.3<b<+5.1 and -10<l<+10.4. method 1.00 0.88 0.03 asserted 0.99
s3 To determine the reddening values E(J-Ks) for each region, we measure the RC color and compare it to the (J-Ks) color of RC stars measured in Baade's window, for which we adopt E(B-V)=0.55. method 1.00 0.90 0.04 asserted 1.00
s4 This allows us to construct a reddening map sensitive to small scale variations minimizing the problems arising from differential extinction. contribution 0.45 0.90 0.11 asserted 0.98
s5 The significant reddening variations are clearly observed on spatial scales as small as 2'. result 1.00 0.93 0.21 asserted 1.00
s6 We find a good agreement between our extinction measurements and Schlegel maps in the outer bulge, but, as already stated in the literature the Schlegel maps are not reliable for regions within |b| < 6. result 0.95 0.77 0.11 asserted 1.00
s7 In the inner regions we compare our results with maps derived from DENIS and Spitzer surveys. method 0.54 0.83 0.04 asserted 0.88
s8 While we find good agreement with other studies in the corresponding overlapping regions, our extinction map has better quality due to both higher resolution and a more complete spatial coverage in the Bulge. result 0.76 0.88 0.21 asserted 1.00
s9 We investigate the importance of differential reddening and demonstrate the need for high resolution extinction maps for detailed studies of Bulge stellar populations and structure. interpretation 0.90 0.90 0.62 asserted 1.00
s10 The extinction variations on scales of up to 2'-6', must be taken into account when analysing the stellar populations of the Bulge. interpretation 0.94 0.70 0.57 asserted 0.96

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: dataset or benchmark 0.64 · evidence from analysis of existing data 0.94.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v1
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
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  • P abstract
not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

We use the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) ESO public survey data to measure extinction values in the complete area of the Galactic bulge covered by the survey at high resolution. We derive reddening values using the method described in Paper I. This is based on measuring the mean (J-Ks) color of red clump giants in small subfields of 2' to 6' in the following bulge area: -10.3<b<+5.1 and -10<l<+10.4. To determine the reddening values E(J-Ks) for each region, we measure the RC color and compare it to the (J-Ks) color of RC stars measured in Baade's window, for which we adopt E(B-V)=0.55. This allows us to construct a reddening map sensitive to small scale variations minimizing the problems arising from differential extinction. The significant reddening variations are clearly observed on spatial scales as small as 2'. We find a good agreement between our extinction measurements and Schlegel maps in the outer bulge, but, as already stated in the literature the Schlegel maps are not reliable for regions within |b| < 6. In the inner regions we compare our results with maps derived from DENIS and Spitzer surveys. While we find good agreement with other studies in the corresponding overlapping regions, our extinction map has better quality due to both higher resolution and a more complete spatial coverage in the Bulge. We investigate the importance of differential reddening and demonstrate the need for high resolution extinction maps for detailed studies of Bulge stellar populations and structure. The extinction variations on scales of up to 2'-6', must be taken into account when analysing the stellar populations of the Bulge.

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References
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46 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 30 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 14 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 27 of the 72 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

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2 arXiv papers cite this in 5 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

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